Figure 2.

Diverse cellular functions of cytoplasmic PML (cPML). cPML displays both tumor suppressive and oncogenic functions. On one hand, cPML increases TGF-β signaling or ER Ca²⁺ release to suppress tumorigenesis. On the other hand, cPML inhibits tumor suppressor p53 or potentiates oncoprotein PML-RARα to promote tumorigenesis in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). cPML may also regulate glycolysis and tumorigenesis through the inhibition of PKM2 activity and lactate production. In addition, cPML is involved in antiviral responses, laminopothies, and cell cycle regulation.