Figure 5.

Effects of exenatide on brain concentrations of glucose, glycolytic intermediates, and lactic acid in PS1-KI and 3xTg-AD mice. Bar graphs on the right show brain concentrations of glycolytic intermediates as listed in the left metabolic flow chart (glucose; glucose 6-phosphate (G-6P); glyceraldheyde 3-phosphate (GA3P); 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PG), and lactic acid). Exenatide significantly increased lactic acid concentrations in brains of PS1-KI mice (P=0.033). Of note, increased brain levels of lactic acid are also found in untreated PS1-KI mice compared with untreated (P=0.002) and treated (P=0.010) 3xTg-AD mice as well as treated PS1-KI mice compared with the same study groups (P=0.010 and 0.008, respectively). Furthermore, exenatide significantly increased brain concentration glucose (P=0.018 and 0.009), G-6P (P=0.010 and 0.008), and GA3P (P=0.062 and 0.007) in treated PS1-KI mice compared with untreated and treated 3xTg-AD mice, respectively. Concentrations are expressed as ng/mg (wet weight). Bars show mean values±the standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). ‘*' indicates P<0.050