Modified Technique of Pancreaticogastrostomy for Soft Pancreas with Two Continuous Hemstitch Sutures: A Single-Center Prospective Study

Abstract

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) remains a persistent problem after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), especially in the presence of a soft, nonfibrotic pancreas. To reduce the risk of POPF, pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) is an optional reconstruction technique for surgeons after PD. This study presents a new technique of PG for a soft, nonfibrotic pancreas with double-binding continuous hemstitch sutures and evaluates its safety and reliability. From January 2011 to June 2012, 92 cases of patients with periampullary malignancy with a soft pancreas underwent this technique. A modified technique of PG was performed with two continuous hemstitch sutures placed in the mucosal and seromuscular layers of the posterior gastric wall, respectively. Then the morbidity and mortality was calculated. This technique was applied in 92 patients after PD all with soft pancreas. The median time for the anastomosis was 12 min (range, 8–24). Operative mortality was zero, and morbidity was 16.3 % (n = 15), including hemorrhage (n = 2), biliary fistula (n = 2), pulmonary infection (n = 1), delayed gastric emptying (DGE; n = 5, 5.4 %), abdominal abscess (n = 3, one caused by PF), and POPF (n = 2, 2.2 %). Two patients developed a pancreatic fistula (one type A and one type B) classified according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula. The described technique is a simple and safe reconstruction procedure after PD, especially for patients with a soft and fragile pancreas.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2183-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction

The incidence of postoperative complications remains high after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), especially in patients with "soft" pancreatic tissue remnants.1,2 The formation of POPF has a major influence on the postoperative course, possibly leading to life-threatening complications such as postoperative pancreatic hemorrhage (PPH) and/or peritonitis.3,4 Risk factors for pancreatic fistula include a soft pancreas, a small pancreatic duct, underlying pathology, and the surgeon’s experience.5 Many technical modifications have been suggested for pancreaticoenteric anastomosis to decrease pancreatic leakage rate.6–8 However, no "gold standard" surgical technique has been established.

The most common methods of pancreatic anastomosis include pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) and pancreaticogastrostomy (PG). At present, there is still no consensus on the choice of anastomotic technique (PJ vs. PG).9,10 In one recent RCT, the pancreatic fistula rate was significantly lower after PG (4 %) compared with PJ (18 %). However, in other prospective randomized trials, there was no statistical difference between them with regard to outcomes.9,11–13 Although these trials showed no difference regarding pancreatic fistula or overall complication rates compared with PJ, PG is still an option for reconstruction with some theoretical advantages over PJ.14

Several PG anastomotic techniques have been reported, including mattress sutures, the so-called binding PG using two purse-string sutures, or one binding purse-string and two transfixing mattress sutures.15,16 The aim of this prospective, noncomparative study was to modify and assess PG in a single center in 92 consecutive cases. The preliminary results are encouraging and showed that this technique could be performed safely, simply, and with a low pancreatic fistula rate for cases of soft pancreas.

Patients and Methods

Ninety-two consecutive patients with resectable periampullary tumors undergoing PD with PG at the Institute of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Scientific and Technological University, China, were recruited from January 2011 to June 2012. Patients’ data, including demographics (age, sex, and diagnosis), complications, hospital mortality, hospital stay, perioperative parameters (operating time, blood loss, and blood transfusion), postoperative interventional procedures, or reoperations was prospectively recorded. According to preoperative measurement of the diameter of the pancreatic duct using CT films (nondilated pancreatic duct), intraoperative findings of the texture of the remnant pancreas (pancreatic body or tail), and postoperative pathological findings of the pancreatic cut margins, all patients who underwent the operation had a soft, nonfibrotic pancreas. Patients received octreotide (600 μg/day) until postoperative day 5. A nasogastric tube was left in place until postoperative day 5 to protect the PG. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) was defined and classified according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula definition, as more than three times the serum concentration in drainage fluid on or after postoperative day 3.17 Associated clinical findings including biliary fistula, delayed gastric emptying (DGE), and operative mortality were defined and classified according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery.1 A biliary fistula was defined as persistence of biliary drainage for more than 5 days, confirmed by fistulography. Gastric emptying was considered delayed when postoperative gastric suction was required for more than 10 days or when the patient was not able to tolerate a solid diet on or before postoperative day 14. Operative mortality was any death occurring within 30 days of the procedure.

Pancreaticogastrostomy Procedure

PD was performed without pylorus-preserving procedures by a single group of surgeons. The extent of lymph node dissection in our procedures includes stations 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 (12h, A, p, b, and c), 13, 14, 15, and 16A2,

The pancreas was transected with at least a 2-cm surgical margin from the tumor using an electrotome or ultrasound knife. After the surgical specimen was delivered, PG anastomosis was performed according to our technique.

Preparation of Pancreatic Stump

Any bleeding from the cut surface of the pancreatic stump was stopped using electrical coagulation or absorbable sutures (4-0 PDS-II). The remnant of the pancreas was dissected from the splenic vein and the surrounding tissues for a distance of approximately 2 cm from its cut edge. Several small veins running between the pancreas and the splenic vein were carefully ligated and divided. After adequate isolation when the isolated pancreatic remnant was pulled forward, the splenic artery and splenic vein could be seen and separated from a small area of the pancreas site to be pulled into the stomach. The main pancreatic duct location in the pancreatic stump was then identified with probes and a plastic stent (2- to 3-mm diameter, a disposable nelaton catheter, Suzhou Riyuexing Plastic Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China) was inserted into the pancreatic duct for approximately 3–5 cm with approximately 3 cm left outside the duct (about eight centimeters in total length). Once the suture was tied, the stent was fixed to the pancreatic duct to avoid inadvertent pancreatic duct ligation (Fig. 1a).

Fig. 1.

Colored picture showed procedures of pancreaticogastrostomy. a The pancreatic stump (PS) were prepared, and a seromuscular incision is made in the posterior gastric wall (PGW) exposing the gastric mucosa. b A seromuscular continuous hemstitch suture was preplaced in the seromuscular gastric wall and a lateral stab incision was made in the mucosal layer of the posterior gastric wall. c A continuous hemstitch suture was preplaced around the mucosal incision (MI). d The pancreatic remnant was pulled into the stomach. The seromuscular continuous hemstitch suture (seromuscular suture (SS)) was tied at the lowest part of the pancreatic remnant. e The preset suture placed in the mucosal layer of the posterior gastric wall (mucosal suture (MS)) was drawn into the gastric cavity and tied. f The gastrojejunostomy (GJ) was constructed in the posterior gastric wall. g the distal gastric stump was closed using another linear gastrointestinal stapler. h The pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) and gastrojejunostomy were completed. SJ stump of the jejunum, AGW anterior gastric wall

Preparation of Stomach

A standard antrectomy, nonpylorus-preserving procedure, was performed at the level of the third or fourth transverse vein on the lesser curvature and at the confluence of the gastroepiploic veins on the greater curvature using a linear gastrointestinal stapler. The sealed distal gastric stump was held with an intestinal clamp or temporarily closed using a linear gastrointestinal stapler. A small section of the seromuscular layer of the posterior gastric wall was removed with the length of the incision based on the size of the remnant of the pancreas (approximately 2–3 cm in diameter). Until this point the mucosa of the posterior gastric wall was kept intact (Figs. 1a and 2a). The appropriate position of the incision was selected so that the pancreatic stump could enter this hole without tension. A seromuscular continuous hemstitch suture (3-0 prolene) was then preplaced, involving approximately 1 cm of the seromuscular gastric wall (Figs. 1b and 2a). A lateral stab incision of 3 cm was made in the mucosa of the posterior gastric wall under the area of the incised seromuscular layer and another continuous hemstitch suture (3-0 prolene) was preplaced around the mucosal layer incision, involving approximately 1 cm of the mucosa of the gastric wall (Fig. 1b, c).

Fig. 2.

a A seromuscular continuous hemstitch suture (seromuscular suture (SS)) was preplaced the posterior gastric wall (PGW), involving approximately 1 cm of the seromuscular gastric wall. b The sealed distal gastric stump was opened and the preset suture placed in the mucosal layer of the posterior gastric wall (M) was drawn into the gastric cavity through the opening in the distal gastric stump. c The seromuscular continuous hemstitch suture (SS) was tied at the lowest part of the pancreatic stump (PS). d The mucosal continuous hemstitch suture (mucosal suture (MS)) was tied approximately 1 cm from the margin of the pancreas. S spleen, AGW anterior gastric wall

Pancreaticogastrostomy Anastomosis

The sealed distal gastric stump was opened by moving the intestinal clamp or incising approximately 2 cm from the edge of the distal gastric stump that was closed by the linear gastrointestinal stapler. The preset suture placed in the mucosa of the posterior gastric wall was drawn into the gastric cavity through the opening of the distal gastric stump (Fig. 2b). The pancreatic remnant was then pulled with slight tension on the holding sutures through the opening in the posterior gastric wall into the stomach. This procedure was performed very gently to ensure tight wrapping of the posterior gastric wall around the pancreatic remnant and to avoid laceration of the pancreas. Ideally, the pancreatic remnant should protrude above the posterior gastric wall by 1 cm. First, the seromuscular continuous hemstitch suture was tied at the lowest part of the pancreatic remnant (Figs. 1d and 2c). Then, through the incision in the sealed distal gastric stump, the mucosal continuous hemstitch suture was tied approximately 1 cm off the margin of the pancreas (Figs. 1e and 2d). Each ligation should be carefully performed because the normal pancreas is soft and fragile. An end-to-side technique was used to construct a gastrojejunostomy using stapled anastomosis between the posterior gastric wall and the stump of the jejunum (Fig. 1f). The opening of the distal gastric stump was closed using another linear gastrointestinal stapler completing the pancreaticogastric anastomosis (Fig. 1g, h).

Other Anastomoses

Further reconstruction of digestive continuity was obtained by end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy, and side-to-side enteroenterostomy. A single soft silicone drain (Suzhou Riyuexing Plastic Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China) was inserted through a left-sided abdominal stab incision and placed in the vicinity of the pancreaticogastric anastomosis. An additional drain was placed on the right side for drainage of the hepaticojejunostomy. The drains were left in place at least 7 days after surgery and removed when less than 30 mL of clear fluid was drained per day.

Results

A total of 92 patients underwent PD with the new modified PG technique. There were 43 men and 49 women with a median age of 53.7 (range, 33–72) years. The indications for PD were as follows: 18 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 22 distal bile duct cancers, 27 ampulla of Vater cancers, 23 adenocarcinomas of the duodenum, and 2 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. All patients had a soft and nonfibrotic pancreatic remnant identified by preoperative CT, intraoperative findings, and postoperative pathological examination of the pancreatic cut margins. The median blood loss was 650 mL (range, 320–1,300), 38 of 92 patients required transfusion and the median amount for 38 patients was 460 mL (range, 200–1,400). The median time for the PG (incision of the posterior gastric wall to finishing the mucosal continuous hemstitch suture) was 12 min (range, 8–24). The mean operation time was 4.1 h (range, 3.7–6.5) and the median hospital stay for the 92 patients was 15 days (range, 12–38).

There were no operative or hospital deaths or reoperations. Complications occurred in 15 (16.3 %) patients (Table 1), including hemorrhage (n = 2), biliary fistula (n = 2), pulmonary infection (n = 1), DGE (n = 5, 5.4 %), abdominal abscess (n = 3, one caused by PF), and POPF (n = 2, 2.2 %). According to the international clinical grading system, one patient had grade A POPF. This case was treated conservatively and fed orally without additional intervention. One patient had grade B POPF and underwent an interventional drainage procedure with B-mode ultrasonic guidance. No patients had grade C POPF. The most frequent complication was DGE, which was treated with maintenance or reinsertion of a nasogastric tube, administration of erythromycin, and parenteral nutrition. Two patients had hemorrhage including one perianastomotic ulcer and one hemorrhage from the cut surface of the pancreatic stump which was treated by gastroscopy without reoperation. Abdominal abscess occurring in one case was caused by PF (grade B) and was treated with interventional drainage and another two cases underwent conservative treatment.

Table 1.

Background characteristics, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications

Background characteristics
Sex (M/F)	43/49
Age (year)	53.7 (33–72)
BMI	27.4 (16.7–42.5)
Disease (n)	92
Pancreatic tumor	18 (20 %)
Cholangiocarcinoma	22 (24 %)
Ampullary tumor	27 (29 %)
Duodenal tumor	23 (25 %)
IPMN	2 (2 %)
Surgical outcomes
Operation time (h)	4.1 (3.7–6.5)
Pancreaticojejunostomy time (h)	12 (8–24)
Operative blood loss (mL)	650 (320–1,300)
Required transfusion (n)	38 (41.3 %)
Blood transfusion (mL)	460 (200–1,400)
Hospital stay (day)	15 (12–38)
Postoperative complications (n)
Morbidity rate	15 (16.3 %)
Hemorrhage	2
Delayed gastric emptying	5 (5.4 %)
Biliary fistula	2
Pulmonary infection	1
Abdominal abscess	3
POPF	2 (2.2 %)
Grade A	1
Grade B	1
Grade C	0
Re-operation	0
Mortality	0

BMI body mass index, IPMN intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, POPF postoperative pancreatic fistula

Discussion

Although pancreatoduodenectomy has become more standardized during recent decades, controversy still exists about the reconstruction of digestive continuity. The reconstructive procedures of the remnant pancreas are classified into PJ and PG.18–21 PG, first reported in 1946, has been reestablished as a secure method of anastomosis as an alternative to the standard PJ. To date, approximately 3,800 pancreaticogastrostomies have been reported.22 PG has been used by several surgeons in recent years because of its theoretical advantages over PJ. Some authors have emphasized the texture of the pancreatic remnant as a predisposing factor of complications. Obviously, anastomotic dehiscence with subsequent leakage is more common in a soft pancreatic remnant, which usually occurs in patients without primary or subsequent pancreatitis.23 This can be explained by the inability of soft pancreatic tissue to hold sutures adequately. As a result, it is considered that PG should be performed for “soft pancreas” because a soft pancreas is commonly hypertrophied and it is easier to pull the pancreatic remnant into the stomach than into the jejunum. Recently, Ohigashi et al. and Peng et al. reported a new modified technique describing the theoretical advantages of the binding and transfixing modifications.14,15 Bartsch et al. reported another new technique for PG, which combines one binding purse-string and two transfixing mattress sutures between the pancreatic stump and the posterior gastric wall. Although Bartsch et al. modified the techniques of Ohigashi from 4 to 6 mattress sutures to two transfixing mattress sutures, these techniques still require transpancreas sutures. Every suture carries the risk for pancreatic laceration resulting in pancreatic leakage, especially in a fragile and soft pancreatic remnant.24 Peng et al. introduced four types of binding PG using binding purse-string without transpancreas sutures. Types I and II placed the suture in the mucosal layer through an opening in the gastric anterior wall or the sealed distal gastric stump. However, this technique was not comfortable for surgeons and prolonged the operation time. Types III and IV were designed to avoid opening the gastric anterior wall or the sealed distal gastric stump, and, instead, the binding anastomosis was performed behind the posterior stomach wall directly. However, it was also not an easy procedure nor was it safe to place the inner suture.16

In this study, we reported a new anastomosis technique using two continuous hemstitch sutures without transpancreas sutures for pancreatogastrostomy for soft pancreas. Compared with other anastomosis techniques, our method has the following advantages: (1) it is simple and easy. First, only two continuous hemstitch sutures are placed in the mucosal and seromuscular layers of the posterior gastric wall. Second, the mucosal layer of the posterior gastric wall is not removed and has only a lateral stab incision. In addition, the inner continuous hemstitch suture is preset out of the gastric cavity and drawn in through the opening of the sealed distal gastric stump. It is comfortable and easy for surgeons to suture and bind the pancreas in this way. Third, we use the opening of the sealed distal gastric stump and avoid excising the gastric anterior wall. The median time to perform PJ using this technique was only 12 min (range, 8–24). (2) It is safe. First, our modified technique can be carried out safely on the normal pancreas to avoid a PF because there is no suture through the pancreas. Second, a common reason for reoperation is upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage occurs most often at the site of the gastroenterostomy or PG. Bleeding following PG can occur from either the anastomotic site or the cut surface of the pancreas. The modified technique with continuous hemstitch sutures could effectively prevent hemorrhage in the cut edges of both the mucosal and seromuscular layers of the posterior gastric wall. Finally, the inner continuous hemstitch sutures are visibly tightened in the gastric cavity.

In conclusion, the described pancreatogastrostomy modification with double-binding continuous hemstitch sutures in the posterior gastric wall is simple, safe, and reliable. Because this work is preliminary, the technique must be evaluated in larger controlled trials.

Electronic Supplementary Material

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