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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: Parent Sci Pract. 2012 Jan 20;12(1):42–56. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.613727

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics and Tests of Ethnic Differences in Frequency of Discipline.

European American African American
Discipline M (SD) M (SD) F(1, 509) Cohen's d
Reason 3.30 (.66) 2.58 (1.00) 70.80*** .85
Deny privileges 1.73 (.87) 1.50 (.95) 5.23* .25
Yell 2.66 (.89) 2.01 (1.29) 33.19*** .59
Spank 1.18 (.82) 1.32 (.96) 2.44 .16

Note. Analyses control for child externalizing in kindergarten.

*

p < .05.

***

p < .001.