. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 6.

Published in final edited form as: Parent Sci Pract. 2012 Jan 20;12(1):42–56. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.613727

Table 2. Bivariate Correlations Among Study Variables.

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Ethnicity^a	--
2. Gender^b	.03	--
3. SES	−.40^*	−.05	--
4. Stress	.13^*	.01	−.22^*	--
5. Caregiver^c	.32^*	.06	−.37^*	.32^*	--
6. Ext K: T	.07	−.14^*	−.24^*	.12^*	.16^*	--
7. Reason	−.34^*	−.14^*	.27^*	.04	−.13^*	.04	--
8. Deny privileges	−.10^*	−.09^*	.05	.12^*	−.01	.16^*	.42^*	--
9. Yell	−.25^*	−.08	.21^*	.07	−.14^*	.05	.56^*	.37^*	--
10. Spank	.06	−.02	−.21^*	.15^*	.07	.19^*	.18^*	.31^*	.39^*	--
11. Ext grade 4: T	.15^*	−.23^*	−.28^*	.12^*	.20^*	.50^*	.04	.13^*	.07	.21^*

Note.

coded 0 = European American, 1 = African American.

coded 0 = male, 1 = female.

coded 0 = more than one caregiver, 1 = single caregiver. Ext = externalizing behavior. K = Kindergarten. T = Teacher report. M = Mother report.

p < .05.