Table 3. Hierarchical Regression Results Predicting Discipline.

	Reason	Deny Privileges	Yell	Spank
Predictor Variable	β	β	β	β
Child gendera	−.10*	−.04	−.05	−.01
SES	.17**	.05	.16**	−.17**
Stress	.12**	.14**	.14**	.11*
Single caregiverb	−.03	−.05	−.08	−.04
Child externalizingc	.09*	.20***	.10*	.15**
Ethnicityd	−.29***	−.11*	−.18***	−.02
F(6, 473)	16.31***	6.40***	9.56***	6.40***
Adjusted R2	.16	.06	.10	.06

Note. SES = socioeconomic status.

^acoded 0 = male, 1 = female.

^bcoded 0 = more than one caregiver, 1 = single caregiver.

^cteacher rating in kindergarten.

^dcoded 0 = European American, 1 = African American.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.