Figure 2.

Abnormal V-ATPase function in the development of preeclampsia. Preclinical stage of preeclampsia occurs in early pregnancy when dysfunctional V-ATPase activity leads to deficient embryonic implantation, abnormal placental development and fetomaternal immune intolerance, resulting in poor placenta. Clinical stage of preeclampsia occurs systemically when a defective placenta causes the maternal systemic inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction that lead to the clinical signs of preeclampsia.