Table 1.

Callus induction and rhizogenesis from root explants of Dianthus caryophyllus cultured on an MS medium supplemented with various hormones after 6 months of culture.

MS media + hormone (mg L−1)		Rhizogenesis		Callus formation (%)	Colour of callus	Observations
NAA	BAP	%	Mode
0.0	0.0	NR	NR	NR	N/A	Necrotic
0.5	0.0	57.50f	Indirect	20.00a	White	Friable callus   Roots formed after 8 days
1.0	0.0	100.00g	Indirect	100.00m	White	Friable callus   Roots formed after 7 days
1.5	0.0	100.00g	Indirect	90.00l	White	Friable callus   Roots formed after 7 days
2.0	0.0	100.00g	Indirect	100.00m	White	Friable callus   Roots formed after 7 days
0.0	0.5	NR	N/A	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 6 weeks
	1.0	NR	N/A	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 6 weeks
	1.5	NR	N/A	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 6 weeks
	2.0	NR	N/A	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 6 weeks
0.5	0.5	5.00a	Indirect	35.00d	White	Friable callus with roots
	1.0	NR	N/A	43.00e	White	Friable callus with roots
	1.5	NR	N/A	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 7 weeks
	2.0	NR	N/A	25.00b	White	Friable callus with roots
1.0	0.5	10.00b	Indirect	55.00g	White	Friable callus with roots
	1.0	NR	N/A	82.00j	White	Friable callus with roots
	1.5	NR	N/A	20.00a	White	Friable callus with roots
	2.0	NR	N/A	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 5 weeks
1.5	0.5	NR	N/A	100.00m	White and green	Friable callus
	1.0	NR	N/A	75.00h	White and green	Friable callus
	1.5	NR	N/A	80.00i	White and green	Friable callus
	2.0	45.00e	Indirect	30.00c	White	Friable callus with roots
2.0	0.5	NR	N/A	75.00h	White and green	Friable callus
	1.0	30.00d	Indirect	85.00k	White	Friable callus with roots
	1.5	NR	N/A	50.00f	Green	Compact callus
	2.0	NR	N/A	30.00c	White and green	Friable callus
3.0	1.0	10.00b	Direct	NR	N/A	Necrotic after 6 weeks
	3.0	25.00c	Direct	30.00c	N/A	Friable callus with roots

*Means with different letters in the same column differ significantly at P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.

(NR: no response, N/A: not available).