Table 1.

Phenotypic effects on the heart for genetic manipulation of AKT

Genotype	Phenotype	Reference Nos.
AKT1 GKO	Viable, reduced size of organs, decreased survival after cardiomyopathic injury.	91, 141
AKT2 GKO	Normal cardiac phenotype. Insulin resistance, diabetes, pancreatic β-cell failure.	100, 222
AKT3 GKO	Neurological phenotype, reduced brain size.	173
Cardiac AKT1 TG	Cardiac hypertrophy. Increased cardiomyocyte cell size.	114, 455, 584
Nuclear AKT1 TG	Increased cell number, decreased cell size, increased contractile function.	558, 590
Cardiac AKT3 TG	Maladaptive hypertrophy.	622