Table 2.
Summary of AKT upstream inductive signaling
| Category | Name | Receptor/Target | Receptor Type | Effect | Reference Nos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrine | Adrenomedullin | Calcitonin receptor-like | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic, multiple cardioprotective mechanisms |
675 |
| Endocrine | Angiotensin II | Angiotensin II receptor | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic, hypertrophic, vasoactive |
128, 130, 228, 285 |
| Endocrine | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Natriuretic peptide receptor A/B/C |
Guanylyl cyclase | Anti-apoptotic | 347 |
| Endocrine | Erythropoietin | EPO receptor | Hematopoietin receptor superfamily |
359, 515, 635 | |
| Endocrine | Estrogen | Estrogen G protein-coupled receptor |
GPCR | Anti-hypertrophic, anti-apoptotic |
306, 532, 534 |
| Endocrine | Ghrelin | NR | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 33 |
| Endocrine | Growth hormone (GH) | GH receptor | RTK | Hypertrophic | 432 |
| Endocrine | Insulin | Insulin receptor, IGF1 receptor |
RTK | Anti-apoptotic | 12, 48, 213 |
| Endocrine | Resistin | Unknown | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 214 |
| Endocrine | Thyroid hormone | Thyroid receptorα1 | Intracellular | Hypertrophic, anti-apototic |
350, 386, 388 |
| Cytokine | Angiopoetin | Integrins, Tie2 | Anti-hypertrphic | 122 | |
| Cytokine | Cardiotrophin | gp130/LIFR | Anti-apoptotic | 59, 385 | |
| Cytokine | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) |
G-CSF receptor | Hematopoietin receptor superfamily | Anti-autophagic, myocardial regeneration |
415, 486 |
| Cytokine | Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) | IGF1 receptor | RTK | Anti-apotpotic, hypertrophic | 158, 298, 411, 672 |
| Cytokine | Interleukin-18 | IL-18 receptor | Immunoglobulin superfamily | Not antiapoptotic, hypertrophic |
88, 112 |
| Cytokine | Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) | LIF receptor (CD118)/gp130 | RTK | Anti-apoptotic, hypertrophic | 289, 502 |
| Cytokine | Neuregulin-1 | ErbB3/4 | RTK | Anti-apoptotic, hypertrophic, contractility | 207, 404, 631 |
| Cytokine | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | PDGF receptor | RTK | Anti-apoptotic, hypertrophic, pro-proliferative | 286, 300 |
| Cytokine | Stromal cell-derived factor 1 | CXCR4 | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic | 302, 572 |
| Cytokine | Urocortin | CRF-R2 | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic | 58 |
| Cytokine | WNT1-induced Secreted protein-1 | Hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic | 113 | ||
| Other: peptide | Bradykinin | Via epidermal growth factor receptor | RTK | Anti-apoptotic | 108, 478 |
| Other: peptide | Endothelin (ET) | ET-(A, B1, B2) | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic, vasoactive | 577 |
| Other: peptide | Thymosin β4 | Integrin linked kinase | Integrin linked kinase | Anti-apoptotic | 54 |
| Drug/small molecule | Acetylcholine | Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic | 339, 371 |
| Drug/small molecule | Adenosine/Adenosine-like agonists | Adenosine A1/A3 receptor | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic, vasoactive | 227 |
| Drug/small molecule | β2-Adrenergic agonists, zinterol | β2 Adrenergic receptor | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic | 96 |
| Drug/small molecule | Cannabinoids | Cannabinoidβ1 receptor | GPCR | NR | 284 |
| Drug/small molecule | Ceramide | NR | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 127 |
| Drug/small molecule | Cruzipain | NR | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 24 |
| Drug/small molecule | Eplerenone | Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | Intracellular | NR | 363 |
| Drug/small molecule | Glucan phosphate | NR | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 252 |
| Drug/small molecule | Isofluorane and related compounds | Via adenosine A1 receptor | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic | 324, 557, 698 |
| Drug/small molecule | Lipopolysaccharide | Toll-like receptor 4 | Toll-like receptor | Anti-apoptotic | 253, 282 |
| Drug/small molecule | Morphine | Opioid receptor | GPCR | NR | 243 |
| Drug/small molecule | N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) | Via epidermal growth Factor receptor | RTK | NR | 329 |
| Drug/small molecule | Ouabain | Na+-K+-ATPase | Ion Pump | Hypertrophic | 424 |
| Drug/small molecule | Phenylephrine | α1 Adrenergic receptor | GPCR | Hypertrophic | 106 |
| Drug/small molecule | Rosiglitazone | PPAR gamma | Intracellular | Anti-apoptotic | 356, 691 |
| Drug/small molecule | S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) | NR | N/A | NR | 384 |
| Drug/small molecule | Statins | RhoA inhibition | N/A | Anti-hypertrophic, anti-apoptotic | 268, 417 |
| Drug/small molecule | VO(OPT), bis(1-oxy-2-pyridinethiolato) oxovanadium(IV) | Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 50, 51 |
| Dietary agent | Ginsenoside | NR | NR | Anti-necrotic | 615 |
| Dietary agent | Myricetin | NR | N/A | Vasoactive | 20 |
| Dietary agent | Phytoestrogen | Estrogen receptorα | Intracellular | Anti-hypertrophic | 221 |
| Dietary agent | Polyphenols | NR | N/A | Angiogenic, free radical scavenger | 36, 164 |
| Dietary agent | Resveratrol | Adenosine A3 receptor | GPCR | Anti-apoptotic, anti-hypertrophic | 129, 131, 234 |
| Enzyme: phosphatase | Calcineurin | N/A | N/A | Anti-apoptotic, hypertrophic | 139, 279 |
| Enzyme: kinase | cGMP-dependent protein kinase G | N/A | N/A | Anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic | 125 |
| Enzyme: kinase, Heat shock protein | H11 kinase | N/A | N/A | Hypertrophic | 149, 267 |
| Enzyme | Heme oxygenase-1 | N/A, ANG II required | N/A | Anti-apoptotic | 198 |
| Enzyme | Kallekrein-kinin | ACE/kinin B2 receptor | Transmembrane Zinc Metallopeptidase | Anti-apoptotic, anti-hypertrophic | 5, 408 |
GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor, RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase, NR, not reported, N/A, not applicable.