Table 3.

Cardiac hypertrophy models targeting AKT/mTOR signaling

Hypertrophy Model	Model System	Protein Studied	Effect on Myocardium	Reference Nos.
Cardiac IGF-I	Murine	AKT; p70S6k	Hypertrophy; increased cardiomyocyte proliferation	548
Whole body OE-AKT	Murine	AKT	Hypertrophy	585
Whole body AKT KO	Murine	AKT	Pathological hypertrophy; reduced body size	142
Cardiac CA-AKT	Murine	AKT; p70S6k	Hypertrophy; reduced contractility; increased cardiomyocyte size	116
Cardiac Myr-AKT	Murine	AKT; p70S6k	Hypertrophy; contractility not affected	116; 456
Cardiac DN-AKT	Murine	AKT; p70S6k	Reduced heart and cardiomyocyte size; contractility not affected	585
Whole body p70S6k KO	Drosophila; murine	p70S6k	No hypertrophy; reduced body size and cell size	690; 535, 580*
Cardiac CA-GSK3β	Murine	GSK-3β	Hypertrophy	21
Cardiac inducible GSK3β	Murine	GSK-3β	Reversal of hypertrophy	564
Thyroid hormone	Rat	AKT; mTOR	Hypertrophy	387
Hypercholesterolemia	Swine	mTOR	Hypertrophy	230
Hypertension	Rat	mTOR	Hypertrophy	598

OE, overexpressed; CA, constitutively active; Myr, myristoylated; DN, dominant-negative, KO, knock-out.