Table 3.
Patient diabetic disease characteristics
|
Characteristics |
HbA1c ≤ 8.0% |
HbA1c > 8% |
Total |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
(n = 513) |
(n = 175) |
(n = 688) |
|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
|
BMI |
|
|
|
|
| <23 kg/m2 |
131 (27.0) |
34 (20.9) |
165 (25.4) |
<0.001 |
| 23-27.4 kg/m2 |
228 (47.0) |
55 (33.7) |
283 (43.7) |
|
| ≥27.5 kg/m2 |
126 (26.0) |
74 (45.4) |
200 (30.9) |
|
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
| Never smoker |
355 (69.5) |
125 (71.8) |
480 (70.1) |
0.438 |
| Ex-smoker |
104 (20.4) |
37 (21.3) |
141 (20.6) |
|
| Current smoker |
52 (10.2) |
12 (6.9) |
64 (9.3) |
|
|
Duration of DM |
|
|
|
|
| Less than 5 years |
177 (34.6) |
48 (27.4) |
225 (32.8) |
0.154 |
| 5-9.9 years |
113 (22.1) |
35 (20.0) |
148 (21.6) |
|
| 10-14.9 years |
89 (17.4) |
31 (17.7) |
120 (17.5) |
|
| 15-19.9 years |
43 (8.4) |
23 (13.1) |
66 (9.6) |
|
| 20 years or above |
89 (17.4) |
38 (21.7) |
127 (18.5) |
|
|
DM treatment* |
|
|
|
|
| Insulin |
34 (6.8) |
39 (22.7) |
73 (10.8) |
<0.001 |
| Medication |
467 (91.6) |
167 (96.0) |
634 (92.7) |
0.054 |
| Diet controls |
428 (84.4) |
140 (80.5) |
568 (83.4) |
0.226 |
| Exercise |
314 (61.9) |
106 (61.3) |
420 (61.8) |
0.877 |
|
Compliance to medication |
|
|
|
|
| All the time |
381 (74.6) |
121 (69.1) |
502 (73.2) |
0.001 |
| Most of the time |
76 (14.9) |
30 (17.1) |
106 (15.5) |
|
| Sometimes |
15 (2.9) |
17 (9.7) |
32 (4.7) |
|
| Rarely |
0 |
1 (0.6) |
1 (0.2) |
|
| Never |
1 (0.2) |
1 (0.6) |
2 (0.3) |
|
| No medication is needed |
38 (7.4) |
5 (2.9) |
43 (6.3) |
|
|
DM-related co-morbidities* |
|
|
|
|
| Stroke |
44 (8.6) |
10 (5.8) |
54 (7.9) |
0.226 |
| Ischaemic heart disease |
75 (14.7) |
20 (11.6) |
95 (13.9) |
0.302 |
| Kidney disease |
38 (7.4) |
15 (8.6) |
53 (7.7) |
0.614 |
| Peripheral neuropathy |
122 (23.9) |
42 (24.3) |
164 (24.0) |
0.925 |
| Retinopathy |
116 (22.8) |
51 (29.7) |
167 (24.5) |
0.069 |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
26 (5.1) |
13 (7.5) |
39 (5.7) |
0.249 |
| Any of DM-related diseases |
255 (49.9) |
92 (52.9) |
347 (50.7) |
0.498 |
|
Self-monitoring at home |
133 (26.0) |
60 (34.5) |
193 (28.2) |
0.032 |
|
Chronic medical problems |
|
|
|
|
| Hypertension |
369 (72.2) |
107 (61.5) |
476 (69.5) |
0.008 |
| Hypercholesterolemia |
367 (71.8) |
125 (71.8) |
492 (71.8) |
0.996 |
| History of cancer |
21 (4.1) |
8 (4.6) |
29 (4.3) |
0.790 |
| Arthritis |
163 (32.0) |
51 (29.3) |
214 (31.3) |
0.515 |
| Asthma |
33 (6.5) |
10 (5.8) |
43 (6.3) |
0.751 |
| Lung disease |
16 (3.1) |
3 (1.7) |
19 (2.8) |
0.337 |
| Liver disease |
20 (3.9) |
7 (4.1) |
27 (4.0) |
0.938 |
| Mental disorders |
26 (5.1) |
6 (3.5) |
32 (4.7) |
0.383 |
| Urology problems |
53 (10.4) |
14 (8.1) |
67 (9.8) |
0.383 |
| ENT problems |
45 (8.8) |
10 (5.8) |
55 (8.1) |
0.210 |
| Any of chronic medical problems |
474 (92.8) |
150 (86.2) |
624 (91.1) |
0.009 |
|
Management satisfaction by clinic |
|
|
|
|
| Not satisfied |
9 (1.8) |
4 (2.3) |
13 (1.9) |
0.151 |
| A little |
35 (6.9) |
21 (12.0) |
56 (8.1) |
|
| Mostly |
297 (58.4) |
91 (52.0) |
388 (56.7) |
|
| Very satisfied |
168 (33.0) |
59 (33.7) |
227 (33.2) |
|
|
Confidence in doctor |
|
|
|
|
| Not confident |
5 (1.0) |
1 (0.6) |
6 (0.9) |
0.280 |
| A little |
39 (7.7) |
20 (11.5) |
59 (8.6) |
|
| Mostly |
288 (56.6) |
87 (50.0) |
375 (54.9) |
|
| Very confident | 177 (34.8) | 66 (37.9) | 243 (35.6) |
P-value from Chi-square test; deviation from the grand total is due to missing data.