Table 4.
Associations between patient characteristics by HbA1c levels by logistic regression analyses in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated and followed up in SingHealth polyclinics
|
Variables |
HbA1c |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
≤8.0% |
≤8.0% |
|||
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
| Male |
226 (74.2) |
76 (25.8) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Female |
285 (74.8) |
99 (25.8) |
1.03 (0.73-1.46) |
1.20 (0.75-1.92) |
|
Age group |
|
|
|
|
| <60 years |
156 (63.4) |
90 (36.6) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| 60-69 years |
187 (79.2) |
49 (20.8) |
0.45 (0.30-0.68)*** |
0.42 (0.25-0.73)** |
| ≥ 70 years |
165 (82.1) |
36 (17.9) |
0.38 (0.24-0.59)*** |
0.38 (0.20-0.73)** |
|
Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
| Chinese |
390 (77.4) |
114 (22.6) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Malay |
55 (67.1) |
27 (32.9) |
1.68 (1.01-2.78)* |
1.02 (0.56-1.88) |
| Indian |
51 (63.8) |
29 (36.3) |
1.94 (1.18-3.20)** |
1.33 (0.72-2.45) |
| Others |
17 (77.3) |
5 (22.7) |
1.00 (0.36-2.78) |
0.50 (0.13-1.92) |
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
| Not married |
58 (60.4) |
38 (39.6) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Married |
455 (76.9) |
137 (23.1) |
0.46 (0.29-0.72)*** |
0.59 (0.32-1.03) |
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
| Never smoker |
355 (74.0) |
125 (26.0) |
1.00 (ref) |
/ |
| Ex-smoker |
104 (73.8) |
37 (26.2) |
1.01 (0.66-1.55) |
/ |
| Current smoker |
52 (81.3) |
12 (18.8) |
0.66 (0.34-1.27) |
/ |
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
| Employed |
160 (67.2) |
78 (32.8) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Retired/Unemployed |
215 (80.8) |
51 (19.2) |
0.49 (0.32-0.73)*** |
0.65 (0.36-1.16) |
| Housewife/Others |
138 (75.0) |
46 (25.0) |
0.68 (0.44-1.05) |
0.81 (0.43-1.49) |
|
Housing type |
|
|
|
|
| Public housing 1-3rooms |
140 (65.1) |
75 (34.9) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Public housing 4–5 rooms/Private |
367 (78.6) |
100 (21.4) |
0.51 (0.36-0.73)*** |
0.52 (0.33-0.80)** |
|
Household income |
|
|
|
|
| SGD < $4000 |
269 (72.7) |
101 (27.3) |
1.00 (ref) |
/ |
| SGD ≥ $4000 |
74 (75.5) |
24 (24.5) |
0.86 (0.52-1.44) |
/ |
|
Highest education |
|
|
|
|
| No formal education |
156 (75.7) |
50 (24.3) |
1.00 (ref) |
/ |
| PSLE/O/N level |
272 (73.9) |
96 (26.1) |
1.10 (0.74-1.63) |
/ |
| A level/ITE/Tertiary |
81 (74.3) |
28 (25.7) |
1.08 (0.63-1.84) |
/ |
|
Duration of DM |
|
|
|
|
| Less than 10 years |
290 (77.8) |
83 (22.2) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| 10 years or above |
221 (70.6) |
92 (29.4) |
1.47 (1.04-2.08)* |
1.73 (1.11-2.71)* |
|
DM treatment |
|
|
|
|
| Non-insulin |
468 (77.9) |
133 (22.1) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Insulin |
34 (46.6) |
39 (53.4) |
4.03 (2.45-6.62)*** |
2.68 (1.45-4.95)** |
|
Compliance to medication |
|
|
|
|
| All the time/most of time |
455 (75.1) |
151 (24.9) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Less than all the time |
16 (45.7) |
19 (54.3) |
3.59 (1.80-7.51)*** |
3.72 (1.55-7.64)*** |
|
Self-monitoring |
|
|
|
|
| No |
378 (76.8) |
114 (23.2) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| Yes |
133 (68.9) |
60 (31.1) |
1.50 (1.03-2.17)* |
1.27 (0.79-2.02) |
|
BMI |
|
|
|
|
| <23 kg/m2 |
130 (79.3) |
34 (20.7) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (ref) |
| 23-27.4 kg/m2 |
227 (80.5) |
55 (19.5) |
0.93 (0.57-1.50) |
0.91 (0.53-1.55) |
| ≥27.5 kg/m2 |
173 (70.0) |
74 (30.0) |
2.25 (1.40-3.61)*** |
1.78 (1.01-3.13) |
|
Management satisfaction by clinic |
|
|
|
|
| Very satisfied |
168 (74.0) |
59 (26.0) |
1.00 (ref) |
/ |
| Mostly |
297 (76.6) |
91 (23.5) |
0.87 (0.60-1.27) |
/ |
| Not satisfied/A little |
44 (63.8) |
25 (36.2) |
1.62 (0.91-2.87) |
/ |
|
Confidence in doctor |
|
|
|
|
| Very confident |
177 (72.8) |
66 (27.2) |
1.00 (ref) |
/ |
| Mostly |
288 (76.8) |
87 (23.2) |
0.81 (0.56-1.17) |
/ |
| A little/Not confident | 44 (67.7) | 21 (32.3) | 1.28 (0.71-2.31) | / |
*P-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001.
‡Multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted for age (<60, 60–69, ≥70 years), gender (male, female), race (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others), marital status (married, single, others), occupation (employed, retired/unemployed, housewife/others), housing type (public1-4, public5/private), BMI (<23, 23–27.5, >27.5), duration of DM (<10, ≥10 years), DM treatment (non-insulin, insulin), compliance to medication (all the time, less than most of time), monitor glucose at home (yes, no).