Table 1.
Neuropsychological studies on working memory in high-functioning adolescents with ASD
| Study | Age in years | Participant groups | General IQ (SD) | Matching criteria | Working memory tests (maximum load) | ASD impaired? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ozonoff and Strayer (2001) [11] |
7-18 |
(n = 25) Autism |
96.3 (17.8) |
Age |
Running memory task (2) |
N |
| (n = 15) TS |
99.0 (11.4) |
Gender |
Spatial memory span (5) |
|||
| (n = 15) TYP |
107.1 (10.5) |
IQ |
Box search task (5) |
|||
| Geurts et al. (2004) [2] |
6-13 |
(n = 41) HFA |
98.3 (18.4) |
Age |
SoP (12) |
N |
| (n = 54) ADHD |
99.5 (11.5) |
Gender |
||||
| (n = 41) TYP |
111.5 (18.0) |
|||||
| Goldberg et al. 2005 [55] |
8-12 |
(n = 17) HFA |
96.5 (15.9) |
Age |
CANTAB SWM (8) |
Y |
| (n = 21) ADHD |
113.8 (10.3) |
|||||
| (n = 32) TYP |
112.6 (12.1) |
|||||
| Landa and Goldberg (2005) [54] |
7-17.5 |
(n = 19) HFA |
109.7 (15.8) |
Age |
CANTAB SWM (8) |
Y |
| (n = 19) TYP |
113.4 (14.3) |
Gender |
||||
| IQ | ||||||
| Williams et al. (2005) [52] |
8-16 |
(n = 24) HFA |
109.7 (16.1) |
Age |
WRAML FW (6) |
Y |
| (n = 44) TYP |
110.0 (10.7) |
IQ |
||||
| Happé et al. (2006) [47] |
8-16 |
(n = 32) HFA, AS |
99.7 (18.7) |
Age |
CANTAB SWM (8) |
N |
| (n = 30) ADHD, HD |
99.1 (17.1) |
Gender |
||||
| (n = 32) TYP |
106.8 (13.4) |
IQ |
||||
| Verté et al. (2006) [12] |
6-13 |
(n = 50) HFA |
98.2 (17.3) |
Age |
SoP (12) |
Y |
| (n = 37) AS |
105.2 (16.3) |
Gender |
||||
| (n = 25) PDD-NOS |
98.3 (14.4) |
|||||
| (n = 47) TYP |
112.1 (9.7) |
|||||
| Williams et al. (2006) [51] |
8-16 |
(n = 38) HFA |
103.8 (14.3) |
Age |
WRAML FW (6) |
Y |
| (n = 38) TYP |
107.2 (9.4) |
IQ |
||||
| Luna et al. (2007) [50] |
8-33 |
(n = 61) HFA |
110.7 (16.8) |
Age |
ODR |
Y |
| Gender | ||||||
| (n = 61) TYP |
111.0 (13.8) |
|||||
| |
|
IQ |
||||
| Steele et al. (2007) [49] |
8-29 |
(n = 29) HFA |
107.8 (11.0) |
Age |
CANTAB SWM (8) |
Y |
| (n = 29) TYP |
110.8 (9.9) |
IQ |
||||
| McGonigle-Chalmers et al. (2008) [57] |
6.8-13.9 |
(n = 20) Autism, AS |
* 76 (19.9) |
Age |
Size sequencing task |
Y |
| (n = 20) TYP |
* 90 (8.6) |
|||||
| Sinzig et al. (2008) [48] |
6-18 |
(n = 20) HFA, AS |
112 (17.7) |
Gender |
CANTAB SWM (8) |
N |
| (n = 20) HFA, AS + ADHD |
103 (13.0) |
|||||
| (n = 20) ADHD |
98 (13.4) |
|||||
| (n = 20) TYP |
113 (11.9) |
|||||
| Corbett et al. (2009) [53] |
7-12 |
(n = 18) ASD |
94.2(17.8) |
Age |
CANTAB SS (9) |
Y |
| (n = 18) ADHD |
105.2(12.8) |
CANTAB SWM (8) |
||||
| (n = 18) TYP | 112.2(14.8) |
ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AS: Asperger syndrome; ASD: autism spectrum disorders; FW: finger windows; HD: hyperkinetic disorder; HFA: high-functioning autism; ODR: oculomotor delayed response task; PDD-NOS: pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified; SoP: self-ordered pointing task; SS: spatial span; SWM: spatial working memory; TS: Tourette syndrome; TYP: typical development. * Percentile rank.