Table 4. Toxicity of piplartine and niclosamide to the freshwater microcrustacean D. similis and the fish D. rerio.

Species	Endpoint	Concentration (µg/ml)		Toxicity classification
		piplartine	niclosamide	piplartine	niclosamide
Daphnia similis	Immobilization
	24 h EC50	7.84 [7.46–8.15]	0.28 [0.23–0.30]
	48 h EC50	7.32 [6.93–7.69]	0.25 [0.19–0.27]	Cat. 2	Cat. 1
Danio rerio	Lethality
	24 h LC50	2.0 [1.87–2.13]	0.14 [0.11–0.17]
	48 h LC50	1.69 [1.61–1.77]	0.12 [0.10–0.19]	Cat. 2	Cat. 1

Data are presented as EC₅₀ or LC₅₀ (µg/ml) with the respective 95% confidence limits in brackets.

Toxicity classification: Cat. 1 - acute toxicity ≤1.00 µg/ml; Cat. 2 - acute toxicity >1.00 but ≤10.0 µg/ml; Cat. 3 - acute toxicity >10.0 but <100 µg/ml [28].