Table 3.
Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for the risk of specific types of cancer for quartiles, and standardized values of SI levels and TIBC
| n (%) | Hazard ratio (95 % CI) | Hazard ratio (95 % CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No cancer | Cancer | Overall | CRP <10 mg/L | CRP ≥10 mg/L | |
| Pancreatic cancer | 220,445 | 197 | n cancer = 157 | n cancer = 40 | |
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.91 | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 42,463 (19.25) | 39 (19.80) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 62,081 (28.16) | 56 (28.43) | 0.90 (0.60–1.36) | 0.91 (0.57–1.44) | 0.88 (0.34–2.28) |
| 18–22 | 59,045 (26.78) | 60 (30.46) | 1.07 (0.71–1.60) | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) | 1.90 (0.82–4.37) |
| ≥22 | 56,856 (25.79) | 42 (21.32) | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) | 0.92 (0.56–1.52) | 1.44 (0.55–3.82) |
| p value for trend | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.17 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 8.10 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) | 1.19 (1.01–1.39) | 0.84 (0.58–1.23) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 47,446 (21.52) | 43 (21.83) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 53,204 (24.13) | 45 (22.84) | 0.98 (0.64–1.49) | 0.79 (0.48–1.32) | 1.48 (0.67–3.24) |
| 54–67 | 61,049 (27.69) | 58 (29.44) | 1.21 (0.82–1.80) | 1.37 (0.89–2.13) | 0.62 (0.23–2.33) |
| ≥67 | 58,746 (26.65) | 51 (25.89) | 1.36 (0.91–2.06) | 1.48 (0.94–2.33) | 0.84 (0.30–2.33) |
| p value for trend | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.32 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.91 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.42 | ||||
| Colon cancer | 220,066 | 576 | n cancer = 459 | n cancer = 117 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 0.94 (0.86–1.32) | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 42,379 (19.26) | 123 (21.35) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 61,969 (28.16) | 168 (29.17) | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 1.08 (0.64–1.82) |
| 18–22 | 58,933 (26.78) | 172 (29.86) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) | 1.17 (0.69–1.98) |
| ≥22 | 56,785 (25.80) | 113 (19.62) | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.69 (0.51–0.92) | 1.25 (0.72–2.16) |
| p value for trend | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.39 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.17 (1.08–1.28) | 1.16 (1.05–1.27) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 47,359 (21.52) | 130 (22.57) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 53,119 (24.14) | 130 (22.57) | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.88 (0.52–1.50) |
| 54–67 | 60,946 (27.69) | 161 (27.95) | 1.14 (0.91–1.44) | 1.11 (0.85–1.44) | 1.22 (0.74–2.01) |
| ≥67 | 58,642 (26.65) | 155 (26.91) | 1.45 (1.15–1.84) | 1.41 (1.09–1.84) | 1.52 (0.88–2.60) |
| p value for trend | 0.0006 | 0.005 | 0.08 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.36 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.53 | ||||
| Liver cancer | 220,503 | 139 | n cancer = 139 | n cancer = 24 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 1.24 (1.05–1.47) | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 42,480 (19.27) | 22 (15.83) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 62,092 (28.16) | 45 (32.37) | 1.23 (0.74–1.06) | 1.33 (0.74–2.39) | 1.16 (0.39–3.49) |
| 18–22 | 590,675 (26.79) | 40 (28.78) | 1.20 (0.71–2.02) | 1.33 (0.73–2.41) | 0.95 (0.29–3.17) |
| ≥22 | 568,676 (25.79) | 32 (23.02) | 1.23 (0.71–2.14) | 1.28 (0.69–2.41) | 1.51 (0.47–4.82) |
| p value for trend | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.60 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) | 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 47,458 (21.52) | 31 (22.30) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 53,213 (24.12) | 36 (25.90) | 1.08 (0.67–1.75) | 1.09 (0.64–1.87) | 1.08 (0.36–3.23) |
| 54–67 | 61,068 (27.69) | 39 (28.06) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | 1.62 (0.59–4.44) |
| ≥67 | 58,764 (26.65) | 33 (23.74) | 1.23 (0.75–2.01) | 1.47 (0.87–2.48) | N/A |
| p value for trend | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.41 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.85 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.86 | ||||
| Respiratory cancer | 219,947 | 695 | n cancer = 548 | n cancer = 147 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 42,360 (19.26) | 142 (20.43) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 61,950 (28.17) | 187 (26.91) | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 0.64 (0.40–1.02) |
| 18–22 | 58,923 (26.79) | 184 (26.47) | 0.84 (0.68–1.05) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 0.80 (0.51–1.26) |
| ≥22 | 56,716 (25.79) | 182 (26.19) | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) | 1.00 (0.64–1.56) |
| p value for trend | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.82 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 47,324 (21.52) | 244 (25.66) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 53,083 (24.13) | 231 (24.29) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 0.97 (0.77–1.24) | 0.79 (0.49–1.29) |
| 54–67 | 60,900 (27.69) | 274 (28.81) | 1.10 (0.90–1.36) | 1.09 (0.87–1.38) | 1.17 (0.75–1.81) |
| ≥67 | 58,640 (22.59) | 202 (21.24) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) | 1.49 (0.93–2.39) |
| p value for trend | 0.27 | 0.76 | 0.04 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.003 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.31 | ||||
| Kidney cancer | 220,442 | 200 | n cancer = 155 | n cancer = 45 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 1.03(0.87–1.23) | 0.94(0.69–1.28) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 42,474 (19.27) | 28 (14.00) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 62,058 (28.15) | 79 (39.50) | 1.73 (1.12–2.67) | 1.77 (1.06–2.30) | 1.70 (0.76–3.80) |
| 18–22 | 59,059 (26.79) | 46 (23.00) | 1.07 (0.67–1.72) | 1.17 (0.67–2.03) | 0.82 (0.31–2.17) |
| ≥22 | 56,852 (25.79) | 47 (23.50) | 1.34 (0.84–2.15) | 1.40 (0.80–2.45) | 1.21 (0.49–3.02) |
| p value for trend | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.81 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 1.22 (0.88–1.69) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 47,442 (21.52) | 47 (23.50) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 53,204 (24.14) | 45 (22.50) | 0.90 (0.59–1.35) | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.80 (0.34–1.85) |
| 54–67 | 61,052 (27.70) | 55 (27.50) | 1.04 (0.70–1.53) | 1.11 (0.71–1.73) | 0.81 (0.35–1.90) |
| ≥67 | 58,744 (26.65) | 53 (26.50) | 1.27 (0.86–189) | 1.18 (0.74–1.86) | 1.80 (0.81–4.00) |
| p value for trend | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.21 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.74 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.31 | ||||
| Prostate cancerc | 113,342 | 1,505 | n cancer = 1,201 | n cancer = 304 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.98(0.87–1.10) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 16,502 (14.56) | 231 (15.35) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 31,712 (27.98) | 441 (29.30) | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 0.99 (0.71–1.36) |
| 18–22 | 32,906 (29.03) | 462 (30.70) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 1.05 (0.76–1.44) |
| ≥22 | 32,222 (28.43) | 371 (24.65) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) |
| p value for trend | 0.55 | 0.71 | 0.47 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 27,159 (23.96) | 388 (25.78) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 29,897 (26.38) | 417 (27.71) | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) |
| 54–67 | 32,328 (28.52) | 411 (27.31) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) |
| ≥67 | 23,958 (21.14) | 289 (19.20) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 1.17 (0.96–1.39) | 1.08 (0.75–1.55) |
| p value for trend | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.91 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.84 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.80 | ||||
| Stomach | 220,466 | 176 | n cancer = 144 | n cancer = 32 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | 1.65(1.25–2.17) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 42,469 (19.26) | 33 (18.75) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 62,085 (28.16) | 52 (29.55) | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) | 0.86 (0.54–1.36) | 1.50 (0.36–6.30) |
| 18–22 | 59,063 (26.79) | 42 (23.86) | 0.80 (0.50–1.26) | 0.62 (0.38–1.03) | 3.32 (0.91–12.14) |
| ≥22 | 56,849 (25.79) | 49 (27.84) | 1.17 (0.75–1.84) | 0.87 (0.53–1.42) | 5.76 (1.63–20.36) |
| p value for trend | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.0008 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.10 (0.93–1.31) | 1.08 (0.72–1.63) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 47,451 (21.52) | 38 (21.59) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 53,207 (24.13) | 42 (23.86) | 1.03 (0.67–1.60) | 0.89 (0.54–1.45) | 1.87 (0.65–5.40) |
| 54–67 | 61,059 (27.70) | 48 (27.27) | 1.13 (0.74–1.73) | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) | 1.84 (0.63–5.33) |
| ≥67 | 58,749 (26.65) | 48 (27.27) | 1.46 (0.95–2.25) | 1.43 (0.90–2.25) | 1.32 (0.37–4.69) |
| p value for trend | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.64 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.41 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.05 | ||||
| Breast cancerd (pre-menopausal women) | 75,379 | 1,108 | n cancer = 949 | n cancer = 159 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 19,040 (25.26) | 198 (26.90) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 20,140 (26.62) | 295 (26.62) | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) |
| 18–22 | 17,501 (22.74) | 252 (22.74) | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | 0.88 (0.72–1.09) | 0.99 (0.62–1.59) |
| ≥ 22 | 18,698 (24.81) | 263 (23.74) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 1.03 (0.65–1.63) |
| p value for trend | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.79 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.95 (0.80–1.14) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 12,864 (17.07) | 209 (18.86) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 15,283 (20.27) | 249 (22.47) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 1.01 (0.62–1.64) |
| 54–67 | 19,883 (26.38) | 307 (27.71) | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) | 1.11 (0.92–1.42) | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) |
| ≥67 | 27,349 (36.28) | 343 (30.96) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 1.10 (0.88–1.36) | 0.85 (0.51–1.42) |
| p value for trend | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.46 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.31 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.95 | ||||
| Breast cancerd (postmenopausal women) | 106,693 | 2,130 | n cancer = 1,792 | n cancer = 338 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized SI (μmol/L) SD = 5.73 | 1.09 (1.02–1.15) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | ||
| Quartiles of SI (μmol/L)a | |||||
| <14 | 26,214 (24.57) | 495 (23.24) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 14–18 | 30,228 (28.33) | 621 (29.15) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 1.09 (0.75–1.57) |
| 18–22 | 25,829 (24.21) | 544 (25.54) | 1.11 (0.95–1.31) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) |
| ≥22 | 24,422 (22.89) | 470 (22.07) | 1.24 (1.05–1.47) | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) |
| p value for trend | 0.006 | 0.01 | 0.28 | ||
| Standardized TIBC (μmol/L) SD = 0.11 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | ||
| Quartiles of TIBC (μmol/L)b | |||||
| <42 | 20,232 (18.96) | 422 (19.81) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 42–54 | 23,066 (21.62) | 527 (24.74) | 1.16 (0.98–1.36) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 1.39 (0.94–2.06) |
| 54–67 | 28,587 (26.79) | 583 (27.37) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 1.31 (0.88–1.95) |
| ≥67 | 34,808 (32.62) | 598 (28.08) | 1.13 (0.96–1.33) | 1.12 (0.93–1.33) | 1.15 (0.74–1.80) |
| p value for trend | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.61 | ||
| p for interaction for SI and TIBC | 0.18 | ||||
| p for interaction for SI and CRP levels | 0.11 | ||||
All models were adjusted for age, sex, SES, history of lung diseases, and CRP (unless stratified by levels of CRP)
aAlso adjusted for TIBC as a continuous variable
bAlso adjusted for SI as a continuous variable
cMeasured in men; not adjusted for gender
dMeasured in women; not adjusted for gender