Table 2.
Analyses of outcome measures
| Treatments | Comparisons | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Exercise (n = 17) | CBT (n = 19) | Between-groups effects | |||||
| Outcome measures | Mean (SD) | ES | Mean (SD) | ES | ES | 95% CI | Time × Group F |
| Primary Outcome Measures – Inventories – MANOVA | 1.71 (16, 544)* | ||||||
| Mobility Inventory (MI) – Alone – ANOVA | 3.75 (2.28, 77.61)* | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.42 (0.57) | 2.37 (0.78) | 0.07 | [−0.58, 0.73] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 2.38 (0.65) | −0.06 | 2.40 (0.70) | 0.04 | −0.02 | [−0.68, 0.63] | |
| Post-treatment | 1.98 (0.74)a | −0.65 | 1.55 (0.55)a | −1.18 | 0.65 | [−0.02, 1.32] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 1.93 (0.75)a | −0.71 | 1.59 (0.76)a | −0.98 | 0.44 | [−0.22, 1.10] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 2.04 (0.68)a | −0.59 | 1.61 (0.75)a | −0.98 | 0.59 | [−0.08, 1.26] | |
| Mobility Inventory (MI) – Accompanied – ANOVA | 3.93 (2.19, 74.28)* | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.79 (0.43) | 1.98 (0.70) | −0.32 | [−0.97, 0.34] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 1.79 (0.55) | 0.01 | 1.92 (0.58) | −0.09 | −0.21 | [−0.87, 0.45] | |
| Post-treatment | 1.61 (0.61) | −0.33 | 1.39 (0.53)a | −0.92 | 0.36 | [−0.29, 1.02] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 1.51 (0.55) | −0.54 | 1.44 (0.62)a | −0.79 | 0.12 | [−0.53, 0.78] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 1.64 (0.54) | −0.30 | 1.41 (0.58)a | −0.87 | 0.41 | [−0.25, 1.07] | |
| Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) – ANOVA | 1.15 (2.11, 71.62) | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.30 (0.52) | 2.23 (0.61) | 0.13 | [−0.52, 0.79] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 2.23 (0.45) | −0.16 | 2.12 (0.49) | −0.20 | 0.23 | [−0.43, 0.89] | |
| Post-treatment | 1.85 (0.58)a | −0.80 | 1.50 (0.38)a | −1.40 | 0.70 | [0.03, 1.38] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 1.75 (0.52)a | −1.04 | 1.44 (0.33)a | −1.58 | 0.72 | [0.05, 1.40] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 1.76 (0.55)a | −0.99 | 1.50 (0.35)a | −1.45 | 0.57 | [−0.10, 1.24] | |
| Body Sensations Questionnaire (BSQ) – ANOVA | 4.08 (2.81, 95.43)* | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.86 (0.60) | 2.72 (0.75) | 0.20 | [−0.45, 0.86] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 2.55 (0.55) | −0.54 | 2.48 (0.71) | −0.32 | 0.10 | [−0.56, 0.75] | |
| Post-treatment | 2.25 (0.80)a | −0.85 | 1.55 (0.43)a | −1.87 | 1.07 | [0.37, 1.77] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 2.13 (0.68)a | −1.11 | 1.57 (0.54)a | −1.73 | 0.90 | [0.21, 1.59] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 2.12 (0.69)a | −1.12 | 1.70 (0.63)a | −1.45 | 0.64 | [−0.03, 1.31] | |
| Primary Outcome Measures – Single Item Scales – Self-report – MANOVA | 1.00 (8, 272) | ||||||
| Panic-related distress/disability (0–8; Self-report) | |||||||
| Baseline | 5.94 (2.05) | 6.42 (1.64) | −0.25 | [−0.91, 0.40] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 5.76 (1.75) | −0.09 | 6.11 (1.49) | −0.19 | −0.21 | [−0.87, 0.44] | |
| Post-treatment | 2.82 (2.74)a | −1.26 | 1.79 (1.87)a | −2.57 | 0.43 | [−0.23, 1.10] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 2.00 (2.24)a | −1.80 | 1.74 (2.05)a | −2.47 | 0.12 | [−0.54, 0.77] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 3.06 (2.88)a | −1.13 | 2.00 (2.13)a | −2.27 | 0.41 | [−0.25, 1.07] | |
| Panic frequency (0–4; Self-report) | |||||||
| Baseline | 1.47 (1.13) | 1.79 (1.32) | −0.25 | [−0.91, 0.40] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 1.35 (1.12) | −0.10 | 1.68 (1.34) | −0.08 | −0.26 | [−0.92, 0.40] | |
| Post-treatment | 0.76 (1.25) | −0.58 | 0.68 (0.95) | −0.95 | 0.07 | [−0.58, 0.73] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 0.53 (1.13) | −0.82 | 0.58 (0.90)a | −1.05 | −0.05 | [−0.70, 0.61] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 0.82 (1.13) | −0.56 | 0.47 (0.77)a | −1.20 | 0.36 | [−0.30, 1.02] | |
| Primary Outcome Measures – Single Item Scales – Clinician-rated – MANOVA | 0.75 (6, 204) | ||||||
| Panic-related distress/disability (0–8; Clinician-rated) | |||||||
| Baseline | 6.53 (1.42) | 6.79 (1.32) | −0.19 | [−0.84, 0.47] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 6.24 (1.72) | −0.18 | 6.21 (1.81) | −0.36 | 0.02 | [−0.64, 0.67] | |
| Post-treatment | 2.82 (2.79)a | −1.64 | 2.37 (2.50)a | −2.17 | 0.17 | [−0.49, 0.82] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 2.59 (2.81)a | −1.73 | 2.11 (2.31)a | −2.44 | 0.18 | [−0.47, 0.84] | |
| Panic frequency (0–4; Clinician-rated) | |||||||
| Baseline | 1.35 (1.12) | 1.79 (1.36) | −0.34 | [−1.00, 0.31] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 2.00 (1.32) | 0.52 | 1.58 (1.39) | −0.15 | 0.30 | [−0.36, 0.96] | |
| Post-treatment | 0.76 (1.25) | −0.49 | 0.63 (0.90)a | −0.99 | 0.12 | [−0.54, 0.77] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 0.65 (1.22) | −0.58 | 0.58 (0.96)a | −1.01 | 0.06 | [−0.59, 0.72] | |
| Secondary Outcome Measures – Inventories – MANOVA | 1.16 (20, 540) | ||||||
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) | |||||||
| Baseline | 27.76 (10.89) | 26.37 (9.71) | 0.13 | [−0.52, 0.79] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 22.06 (10.78) | −0.51 | 22.32 (10.46) | −0.39 | −0.02 | [−0.68, 0.63] | |
| Post-treatment | 15.65 (14.18)a | −0.94 | 10.11 (7.71)a | −1.82 | 0.48 | [−0.18, 1.15] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 13.59 (11.89)a | −1.21 | 9.42 (8.51)a | −1.82 | 0.40 | [−0.26, 1.06] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 13.95 (11.81)a | −1.19 | 10.59 (9.82)a | −1.58 | 0.30 | [−0.35, 0.96] | |
| State Trait Anxiety Inventory – Trait (STAI-T) | |||||||
| Baseline | 50.06 (10.76) | 54.47 (9.00) | −0.44 | [−1.10, 0.22] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 50.18 (13.11) | 0.01 | 51.32 (8.61) | −0.35 | −0.10 | [−0.76, 0.55] | |
| Post-treatment | 43.71 (13.93) | −0.50 | 42.16 (10.19)a | −1.25 | 0.13 | [−0.53, 0.78] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 42.65 (13.40)a | −0.60 | 41.93 (10.92)a | −1.23 | 0.06 | [−0.60, 0.71] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 43.18 (14.14) | −0.53 | 41.21 (10.65)a | −1.32 | 0.15 | [−0.50, 0.81] | |
| State Trait Anxiety Inventory – State (STAI-S) | |||||||
| Baseline | 44.41 (9.62) | 43.11 (8.66) | 0.14 | [−0.52, 0.80] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 41.35 (11.29) | −0.28 | 42.16 (8.76) | −0.11 | −0.08 | [−0.73, 0.58] | |
| Post-treatment | 36.65 (11.96) | −0.70 | 35.42 (10.15)a | −0.80 | 0.11 | [−0.55, 0.76] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 35.82 (9.75)a | −0.87 | 33.53 (9.74)a | −1.02 | 0.23 | [−0.43, 0.89] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 36.59 (14.31) | −0.63 | 38.37 (10.95) | −0.47 | −0.14 | [−0.79, 0.52] | |
| Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) | |||||||
| Baseline | 18.24 (10.28) | 21.89 (7.78) | −0.40 | [−1.06, 0.27] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 14.59 (9.27) | −0.36 | 19.00 (8.99) | −0.34 | −0.47 | [−1.14, 0.19] | |
| Post-treatment | 9.71 (9.25)a | −0.85 | 10.58 (9.29)a | −1.29 | −0.09 | [−0.75, 0.56] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 9.71 (8.77)a | −0.87 | 11.32 (8.06)a | −1.31 | −0.19 | [−0.84, 0.47] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 10.18 (11.13)a | −0.73 | 11.16 (8.99)a | −1.25 | −0.10 | [−0.75, 0.56] | |
| Quality of Life Inventory (QoLI)b | |||||||
| Baseline | 1.34 (1.52) | 1.08 (1.26) | −0.19 | [−0.47, 0.84] | |||
| Pre-treatment | 1.19 (1.18) | 0.11 | 0.90 (1.52) | 0.13 | −0.21 | [−0.44, 0.87] | |
| Post-treatment | 1.64 (1.33) | −0.20 | 1.56 (1.65) | −0.33 | −0.05 | [−0.61, 0.70] | |
| 6-month follow-up | 1.87 (1.52) | −0.34 | 1.55 (1.62) | −0.32 | −0.20 | [−0.46, 0.85] | |
| 12-month follow-up | 1.85 (1.66) | −0.31 | 1.54 (1.84) | −0.29 | −0.17 | [−0.48, 0.83] | |
Notes: MANOVAs assess combined effects of the different groups of outcome measures. Significant results are further assessed with subsequent ANOVAs for the implicated outcome measures. Effect sizes for each treatment are reported with reference to baseline values. All effect sizes are calculated with pooled standard deviations. Between-groups effects are reported with positive values indicating effect in favour of CBT. For the ANOVAs, degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates. * = p < .05. aSignificant within-group effect from Baseline to corresponding time-point (Bonferroni-corrected). bValens of effect sizes were changed to be in concordance with the rest of the Table.