Table 2.

Adherence to the Interventions by Study Group

Outcome	Baseline		6-Month		12-Month		Δ0-6-mo	%Δ0-6-mo	Δ0-12 mo	%Δ0-12 mo	P *
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Weight, kg
Control	84.2	12.5	83.8	13.0	83.7	12.3	−0.5	−0.6	−0.5	−0.6
Diet	84.0	11.8	77.0	12.8	74.9	12.3	−7.1	−8.4	−9.1	−10.8	PC< .001† PE< .001‡ PD+E = .17‡
Exercise	83.7	12.3	82.1	12.3	80.9	12.2	−1.6	−1.9	−2.8	–3.3	PC = .02† PD< .001‡ PD+E< .001‡
Diet + exercise	82.5	10.8	74.9	10.8	72.7	10.9	−7.7	−9.3	−9.8	−11.9	PC< .001† PD = .10‡ PE< .001‡
Body fat, %							NA	NA
Control	47.3	4.4			47.2	5.3			−0.3	−0.5
Diet	47.0	4.3			42.1	6.4			−5.0	−10.6	PC< .001† PE = .02‡ PD+E< .001‡
Exercise	47.3	4.1			45.5	5.0			−1.8	−3.8	PC< .001† PD< .001‡ PD+E < .001‡
Diet + exercise	47.4	4.5			41.1	7.0			−6.4	−13.4	PC< .0001† PD = .02‡ PE< .001‡
Pedometer, steps/wk§							NA	NA
Control	5,605	2,334			6,136	2,909			530.9	9.5
Diet	5,539	2,257			6,365	2,841			825.7	14.9	PC = .67† PE < .001‡ PD+E< .001‡
Exercise	5,777	2,129			9,139	3,120			3362.6	58.2	PC< .001† PD< .001‡ PD+E = .06‡
Diet + exercise	5,980	2,393			10,069	2,944			4088.5	68.4	PC< .001† PD< .001‡ PE = .06‡
VO2max, L/min							NA	NA
Control	1.93	0.37			1.91	0.33			−0.02	−0.9
Diet	1.89	0.31			1.84	0.32			−0.04	−2.3	PC = .83† PD< .001‡ PD+E< .001‡
Exercise	1.85	0.31			2.04	0.35			0.19	10.1	PC< .001† PD< .001‡ PD+E = .30‡
Diet + exercise	1.93	0.34			2.07	0.41			0.15	7.6	PC< .001† PD< .001‡ PE = .30‡
Total calories, kcal/d‖							NA	NA
Control	1,988	669			1,733	616			−255	−13
Diet	1,885	661			1,564	539			−320	−17	PC = .54† PE = .30‡ PD+E = .75‡
Exercise	1,987	589			1,768	501			−219	−11	PC = .73† PD = .30‡ PD+E = .17‡
Diet + exercise	1,891	638			1,549	525			−342	−18	PC = .36† PD = .75‡ PE = .10‡
Fat intake, % of kcal/d‖							NA	NA
Control	35.6	6.9			33.3	6.9			−2.3	−6.3
Diet	33.1	6.3			26.2	6.9			−6.9	−21.0	PC< .001† PE< .001‡ PD+E = .17‡
Exercise	33.6	6.9			31.8	7.0			−1.8	−5.4	PC = .30† PD< .001‡ PD+E< .001‡
Diet + exercise	35.3	7.3			27.0	6.6			−8.4	−23.7	PC< .001† PD = .17‡ PE< .001‡

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; Δ, change.

^*Change from baseline to 12 months.

^†P_C, P values for comparing the changes between control group and three intervention groups.

^‡P_D or P_E, P values for comparing the changes between exercise group and diet group; P_D+E, P values for comparing the changes between diet + exercise group and two other intervention groups (exercise group or diet group).

^§N = 428 for total; n = 82 for control; n = 117 for diet; n = 114 for exercise; and n = 115 for diet + exercise groups.

^‖N = 427 for total; n = 85 for control; n = 114 for diet; n = 114 for exercise; n = 114 for diet + exercise groups.