Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics and substance use among out-of-treatment past-month heroin injection drug users, by injection frequency: San Francisco 2000–2005

Characteristic	Total % (N = 2,198)	Low-FHI % (n = 354)a	High-FHI % (n = 1,844)b	Odds ratio	95 % CI
Gender
Male	73	79	72	1.4	(1.1, 1.9)
Female	27	21	28
Age group (years)
18–30	12	10	13	0.78	(0.53, 1.12)
31–50	68	67	69	0.93	(0.73, 1.18)
51+	19	23	19	1.3	(1.0, 1.7)
Race/ethnicity
White	41	37	42	0.79	(0.62, 1.00)
Black or African American	39	46	38	1.4	(1.1, 1.8)
Hispanic or Latino	9	5	9	0.46	(0.27–0.78)
Other	11	12	11	1.2	(0.8, 1.7)
Currently homeless	67	57	69	0.61	(0.49–0.77)
HIV antibody positive	10	17	9	2.1	(1.5, 2.9)
Men who had sex with men (past 6 months)	8	18	5	3.9	(2.8, 5.5)
Median years of injection (IQR)	22 (12–31)	21 (11–31)	22 (12–31)
Inject less than 5 years	7	8	7	0.83	(0.5, 1.3)
Substance use (past 30 days)
Any polydrug use	80	85	79	1.5	(1.1, 2.0)
Noninjected opiates	40	43	40	1.1	(0.9, 1.4)
Injected methamphetamine	26	41	23	2.3	(1.8, 2.9)
Noninjected methamphetamine	14	24	12	2.5	(1.8, 3.3)
Smoked crack	66	65	67	0.95	(0.74, 1.21)
Non-injected barbiturates or benzodiazepines	22	18	23	0.74	(0.54, 1.00)
Daily alcohol use	25	27	25	1.1	(0.8, 1.4)
Syringe exchange program utilization (past 30 days)	84.4	70.3	87.1	0.35	(0.27, 0.46)
Drug treatment experience
Ever participated in drug treatment	71.1	66.3	72.0	0.77	(0.60, 0.98)
Any drug treatment (past 12 months)	33.6	25.1	35.1	0.62	(0.48, 0.81)
Methadone treatment (past 12 months)	22.2	10.7	24.4	0.37	(0.26, 0.53)

^aLow-FHI reported injecting heroin and/or a heroin combination 1 to 10 times in the past 30 days

^bHigh-FHI reported injecting heroin and/or a heroin combination 30 or more times in the past 30 days