Fig. 3.

Analysis of gene and protein expression levels of enzymes involved in the ketogenic pathway (ACAT1, BDH1, OXCT1, HMGCL, and HMGCS2) in LNCaP and LNCaP-SF cells. A, enzymes of ketogenic pathway quantified in our analysis. B, C, gene and protein expression validation using real-time PCR and Western blotting confirmed the significant over-expression of HMGCS2, OXCT1, ACAT1, and BDH1 at the mRNA level (*p < 0.05, two-tailed t test) with all enzymes displaying elevated expression at the protein level. D, β-hydroxybutyrate secretion was found to be significantly elevated in the conditioned medium of LNCaP-SF cells (*p < 0.05, two-tailed t test).