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Outline of protocol. Each patient was allocated to target hemoglobin range depending on one’s prestudy level of hemoglobin measured for 3 months, and the target hemoglobin level was kept during this trial. ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; Hb, hemoglobin level, PS-con, type 4 polysulfone membrane; VPS-HA, vitamin E-bonded high-flux polysulfone dialysis membrane.
