Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted differences in 24-hour urinary citrate excretion by dietary factor, lifestyle factor, or medical condition
| Factor | Difference (95% Confidence Interval) in Urinary Citrate Excretion (mg/d) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPFS (n=674) | NHS I (n=960) | NHS II (n=927) | All Cohorts (n=2561) | |
| Nondairy animal protein (per 10 g/d) | −27 (−43 to −11) | −15 (−33 to 2) | −20 (−35 to −4) | −20 (−29 to −11) |
| Potassium (per 1000 mg/d) | 62 (24 to 100) | 54 (17 to 90) | 45 (10 to 79) | 53 (33 to 74) |
| Vitamin C (per 250 mg/d) | −15 (−27 to −4) | 7 (−4 to 19) | −5 (−17 to 6) | −5 (−12 to 1) |
| Urinary sodium (per 100 mEq/d) | 82 (39 to 125) | 60 (18 to 102) | 33 (−8 to 74) | 56 (31 to 80) |
| Age (per 5 years) | 15 (−2 to 31) | −18 (−34 to −2) | −21 (−41 to −2) | −6 (−15 to 4) |
| Body mass index (per kg/m2) | −8 (−15 to −2) | −6 (−10 to −3) | −2 (−5 to 1) | −4 (−6 to −2) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Nonsmoker | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Past smoker | −19 (−63 to 25) | −47 (−81 to −12) | −27 (−68 to 15) | −35 (−57 to −12) |
| Current smoker | −70 (−176 to 36) | −64 (−131 to 4) | −27 (−107 to 52) | −50 (−96 to −4) |
| Hypertension | −66 (−109 to −22) | −110 (−148 to −72) | −96 (−140 to −53) | −95 (−119 to −71) |
| Nephrolithiasis | −77 (−119 to −34) | −29 (−65 to 7) | −75 (−112 to −39) | −57 (−79 to −36) |
| Gout | −87 (−156 to −19) | −119 (−204 to −34) | −130 (−278 to 18) | −104 (−155 to −54) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 133 (53 to 213) | −5 (−60 to 49) | 131 (50 to 212) | 61 (21 to 100) |
| Thiazide use | −43 (−123 to 37) | −42 (−89 to 4) | −16 (−79 to 47) | −34 (−68 to −1) |
Adjusted for all presented factors as well as dietary intakes of dairy protein, total fat, and carbohydrates (all in quintiles), total caloric intake, and urinary creatinine (continuous per 100 mg/d). The model combining all cohorts was additionally adjusted for cohort membership.