. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 7.

Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Res. 2010 Sep 6;45(1):73–88. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2010.512040

Table 3.

Diverse molecular modifications observed in Parkinson diseased brains

Modifications in Parkinson disease	Observation	References

Oxidative protein modifications	Increased levels of protein carbonyls in substantia nigra, oxidized SOD1	(82)
Oxidative protein modifications	Increased levels of oxidized dopamine (cysteinyl-DOPA and cysteinyl-dopamine)	(82)
Nitrative protein modifications	Increased levels of nitrotyrosine in α-synuclein and Lewy bodies	(135,159)
Lipid peroxidation	HNE-products in Lewy bodies and increased peroxides	(82)
Oxidative DNA damage	Increased levels of DNA oxidation product 8OHdG in mitochondrial and total DNA	(82,135)
Glutathione	Decreased levels of GSH	(159)
Mitochondrial dysfunction	Decreased activities of complex I and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase	(159)
Proteasome dysfunction	Genetic defects in inherited Parkinson disease, decreased activities in sporadic Parkinson disease, decrease UCHL1 activity	(159)
oxidized Dopamine	Auto-oxidation of free non-vesicle dopamine to quinone	(159)