Table 4.
Association Between Maternal Methyl Donor Intake During the First and Second Trimesters of Pregnancy and Child Cognitive Outcomes at Age 7 Years (Final Modela), Project Viva (n = 895 Mother-Child Pairs), Eastern Massachusetts, 1999–2002 to 2008–2011b
| Methyl Donor and Cognitive Test | Quartile of Maternal Methyl Donor Intake |
P for Trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (Referent) |
Quartile 2 |
Quartile 3 |
Quartile 4 |
|||||
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |||
| First Trimester | ||||||||
| Choline | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.3 | −0.6, 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.0, 1.7 | 0.7 | −0.2, 1.5 | 0.08 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | 1.4 | −0.9, 3.7 | 1.4 | −1.0, 3.7 | 1.3 | −1.1, 3.7 | 0.32 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | 0.3 | −2.8, 3.4 | −0.6 | −3.7, 2.5 | 1.0 | −2.2, 4.2 | 0.63 |
| Vitamin B12 | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.1 | −0.8, 1.0 | −0.1 | −1.1, 0.8 | 0.0 | −1.0, 1.0 | 0.94 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | 3.0 | 0.5, 5.5 | 0.9 | −1.7, 3.5 | 0.4 | −2.3, 3.1 | 0.59 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | 0.0 | −3.3, 3.4 | 2.3 | −1.2, 5.8 | 1.1 | −2.5, 4.7 | 0.47 |
| Betaine | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.5 | −0.4, 1.3 | 0.2 | −0.7, 1.0 | 0.8 | −0.1, 1.7 | 0.14 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | −2.0 | −4.3, 0.3 | −1.4 | −3.8, 1.0 | −0.8 | −3.2, 1.6 | 0.84 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | 0.6 | −2.5, 3.7 | −0.1 | −3.2, 3.1 | 2.6 | −0.6, 5.9 | 0.11 |
| Folate | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.0 | −0.9, 0.8 | 0.4 | −0.5, 1.4 | 0.5 | −0.4, 1.4 | 0.21 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | 0.7 | −1.7, 3.0 | 1.2 | −1.3, 3.7 | −0.2 | −2.7, 2.3) | 0.93 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | −1.7 | −4.9, 1.4 | −1.2 | −4.5, 2.1 | −0.6 | −3.9, 2.7 | 0.85 |
| Second Trimester | ||||||||
| Choline | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.6 | −0.3, 1.4 | 0.7 | −0.2, 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.5, 2.4 | 0.003 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | 0.4 | −2.0, 2.9 | 1.1 | −1.3, 3.6 | 0.9 | −1.7, 3.5 | 0.43 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | 1.6 | −1.6, 4.8 | 1.3 | −1.8, 4.5 | 3.5 | 0.1, 6.9 | 0.06 |
| Vitamin B12 | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.3 | −0.6, 1.3 | −0.2 | −1.2, 0.8 | 0.2 | −0.8, 1.3 | 0.86 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | −1.3 | −3.9, 1.4 | −1.5 | −4.3, 1.2 | −1.2 | −4.1, 1.7 | 0.51 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | 1.1 | −2.3, 4.5 | 1.0 | −2.6, 4.6 | −0.1 | −3.8, 3.7 | 0.81 |
| Betaine | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | 0.4 | −0.5, 1.3 | −0.1 | −1.0, 0.8 | 0.5 | −0.5, 1.4 | 0.46 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | 0.1 | −2.4, 2.6 | 1.0 | −1.5, 3.5 | 1.2 | −1.4, 3.8 | 0.29 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | −0.9 | −4.1, 2.4 | −0.7 | −4.0, 2.6 | 1.1 | −2.3, 4.5 | 0.37 |
| Folate | ||||||||
| WRAML2 | 0.00 | −0.5 | −1.4, 0.4 | −0.6 | −1.5, 0.3 | −0.7 | −1.6, 0.3 | 0.11 |
| KBIT-2 verbal | 0.00 | 2.5 | 0.0, 4.9 | 0.1 | −2.4, 2.5 | −0.4 | −3.0, 2.1 | 0.95 |
| KBIT-2 nonverbal | 0.00 | −0.6 | −3.9, 2.6 | −2.8 | −6.1, 0.4 | −1.4 | −4.7, 2.0 | 0.22 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; KBIT-2, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition; WRAML2, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition (Design and Picture Memory subtests).
a Results were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, smoking, intakes of choline, vitamin B12, betaine, and folate, fish, and energy during pregnancy, and KBIT-2 score; paternal education; HOME score; and child's sex and age at the 7-year visit.
b The β coefficient represents the mean difference in score from the lowest quartile (referent).