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. 2013 Apr 26;177(12):1368–1377. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws406

Table 3.

Reproductive Factors Among Postmenopausal Women in the NIH-AARP and PLCO Cohort Studies and Risk of Renal Cancer,a United States, 1993–2010

Characteristic or Risk Factor NIH-AARP Study
 PLCO Study
 Pooled Study
No. of Cases HRb 95% CI P for Trend No. of Cases HRc 95% CI P for Trend No. of Cases HRd 95% CI P for Trend
Endogenous  hormones
 Age at menarche,  years
  ≤10e/≤11f 56 1.00 38 1.00 94 1.00
  11–12e/12–13f 255 0.72 0.54, 0.96 119 1.27 0.88, 1.84 374 0.87 0.69, 1.09
  13–14e/14–15f 238 0.67 0.50, 0.90 28 0.77 0.47, 1.26 266 0.74 0.58, 0.94
  ≥15e/≥16f 52 0.63 0.43, 0.93 0.02 5 0.67 0.26, 1.71 0.17 57 0.69 0.50, 0.97 0.004
 Parity
  Nulliparous 71 1.00 13 1.00 84 1.00
  Parous 521 1.13 0.88, 1.45 178 1.28 0.73, 2.26 699 1.15 0.92, 1.45
 No. of live births
  0 71 1.00 13 1.00 84 1.00
  1–2 215 1.14 0.87, 1.49 46 1.06 0.57, 1.96 261 1.11 0.87, 1.42
  3–4 224 1.10 0.84, 1.44 92 1.45 0.81, 2.61 316 1.17 0.92, 1.49
  ≥5 82 1.20 0.87, 1.65 0.43 40 1.27 0.67, 2.40 0.20 122 1.21 0.91, 1.61 0.15
 Age at first live  birth, years
  <20 107 1.00 43 1.00 150 1.00
  20–24 275 1.12 0.89, 1.41 89 0.81 0.56, 1.19 364 1.02 0.84, 1.24
  25–29 100 1.04 0.78, 1.39 33 0.76 0.47, 1.23 133 0.95 0.74, 1.21
  ≥30 38 1.21 0.83, 1.77 0.35 11 0.74 0.37, 1.46 0.28 49 1.05 0.76, 1.46 0.88
 Age at menopause, yearsg
  <40 133 1.00 35 1.00 168 1.00
  40–44 97 0.86 0.66, 1.12 29 0.93 0.56, 1.53 126 0.87 0.69, 1.10
  45–49 154 0.97 0.75, 1.25 41 0.91 0.56, 1.48 195 0.95 0.76, 1.19
  50–54 173 0.90 0.69, 1.17 68 1.09 0.67, 1.78 241 0.94 0.74, 1.19
  ≥55 40 0.91 0.62, 1.33 0.62 18 1.07 0.57, 2.03 0.63 58 0.95 0.68, 1.32 0.85
Exogenous  hormones
 Hormone replacement therapy useg,h
  Never 297 1.00 57 1.00 354 1.00
  Ever 292 0.83 0.69, 0.99 132 1.30 0.93, 1.80 424 0.90 0.77, 1.05
 Duration of  hormone  replacement  therapy use,  yearsg,h
  Never 297 1.00 57 1.00 354 1.00
  ≥4e/≥5f 105 0.90 0.71, 1.13 67 1.46 1.02, 2.10 172 1.01 0.84, 1.22
  5–9e/6–9f 53 0.66 0.49, 0.89 24 1.42 0.87, 2.33 77 0.77 0.60, 0.99
  ≥10 133 0.86 0.68, 1.07 0.05 41 1.00 0.65, 1.55 0.95 174 0.86 0.70, 1.05 0.06
 Oral birth control  use
  Never or <1  yeare/Neverf 415 1.00 93 1.00 508 1.00
  Ever or ≥1  yeare/Everf 182 0.82 0.69, 0.99 98 1.02 0.75, 1.38 280 0.87 0.75, 1.02
 Duration of birth control use, years
  Never or <1  yeare/Neverf 415 1.00 93 1.00 508 1.00
  1–4e/1–3f 86 0.87 0.69, 1.10 55 1.18 0.84, 1.68 141 0.96 0.80, 1.17
  5–9e/4–9f 61 0.89 0.67, 1.16 23 0.82 0.51, 1.31 84 0.86 0.68, 1.09
  ≥10 35 0.66 0.46, 0.93 0.02 20 0.93 0.56, 1.52 0.56 55 0.72 0.55, 0.96 0.02

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study; PLCO, Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.

a Statistical tests were determined to be significant at a 2-sided P value <0.05.

b Cohort-specific hazard ratios were estimated with Cox proportional-hazards regression models adjusted for body mass index, educational level, race, and smoking status.

c Cohort-specific hazard ratios were estimated with Cox proportional-hazards regression models adjusted for body mass index, educational level, race, hypertension status, and smoking status.

d Aggregated hazard ratios were estimated with Cox proportional-hazards regression models adjusted for body mass index, educational level, race, study, and smoking status.

e Risk factor subgroup associated with the NIH-AARP cohort study.

f Risk factor subgroup associated with the PLCO cohort study.

g Also adjusted for hysterectomy status (never, ever).

h Between-study heterogeneity: 0.02.