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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 10.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2013 Apr 10;113(4):2733–2811. doi: 10.1021/cr300354g

Table 15.

Reports on organelle function.

Enzyme Function Organelle Organism Analysis Observations Reference
Ascorbate oxidase (AAO) Produces dehydroascorbate Chloroplast, cytosol, cell walls C.Iinumm TEM Caputo, 2010480
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),
cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H),
and 4-coumaratexoenzy me A ligase (4CL)		 Phenylalanine metabolism Chloropal st, nucleus, cell wall A.thallana CFM PAL was found in cell walls,
C4H in the chloroplast and nucleus,
and 4CL in secondary cell walls.		 Chen, 2006481
Ethylene-Dependent
Gravitropism-Deficient and Yellow-Green 1		 Regulated intramembrane proteolysis Chloroplast A.thaliana CFM new protease observed in chloroplast Chen, 2012482
NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) Regulation of chloroplast
2-Cys peroxiredoxin		 Chloroplast A.thaliana WB, MS KD of NTRC caused oxidized
2-Cys peroxiredoxin		 Kirchsteiger, 2009483
Melanocorin-4 receptor Trans-membrane G protein ER N2A, GT1-7, HEK293 CFM All four variants of the
melanocorin-4-receptor
were found in the ER		 Granell, 2010484
β-mannosidase 1
hydrolases(MANI)		 N-glycan modification ER, Golgi A.thaliana CFM MANIaand MANIb were expressed
in the ER-Golgi apparatus		 Kajiura, 2011485
Phospholipase A2 Hydrolyzes phospholipids at sn-2 ER, Golgi Tobacco epiderma l cells TEM, WB PLA2 was localized in
both the Golgi and ER		 Kim, 2011486
Aspartate N-acetyltransferase (NAT8L) Produce N-acetylaspartate ER CHO CFM irregular colocalization was
observed due to the
heterogeneity of the ER		 Tahay, 2012487
Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 and 2 Leucine zipper protein ER COS-7, HeLa, NIH-3T3, 293-HEK CFM increased with
increased ER stress		 Wang, 2006488
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A1 Oxidize organic compounds Mitochondria C57GL/6J mice WB, CFM CYP1A1 was also present
in microsomal fractions;
not detected in the cytosol		 Dong, 2009489
ATP-binding cassette
transporters and Cytochrome P450s		 Transport of substrates
for cytochrome P450		 Mitochondria Humanbrain TEM, WB CYP2D6, CYP2J2, CYO2U1, and
CYP46A1 were localized mitochondria		 Dutheil, 2009490
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A(MSRA) Oxidative stress regulation Mitochondria, cytosol Mouse embryonic stem cells CFM GFP-MSRA primarily localized
in the mitochondria
and partly in the cytosol		 Jia, 2011491
Malate dehydrogenase (MDHs) Reversibly catalyzes
malate to oxaloacetate		 Mitochondria, glycosome, cytosol L.Mexicana promastigotes CFM Leroux, 2006492
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 and 2(GDH) Nitrogen and glutamate
metabolism		 Mitochondria, ER COS7, HEK293, 5Y, HeLa, CHO CFM, WB GDH 1 and 2 were localized primarily
in the mitochondria
and partly in the ER		 Mastorodemos, 2009493
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) dismutase
(SOD) xand thioredoxin- dependent
peroxidase (TCP)		 Antioxidant function Mitochondria, apicoplast T. gondii CFM, TEM Pino, 2007494
MondoA and Max- like BHLHZip Helix-loop- helix
leucine zipper protein		 Mitochondria K562 and C2C12 CFM, WB MondoA and Mix were present
in the outer mitochondrial membrane;
MondoA localized between the
mitochondria and the nucleus		 Sans, 2006495
Antiquitin Aldehyde dehydrogenase, oxidative
stress response protein		 Mitochondria, cytosol HEK293 CFM, WB Wong, 2010496
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ALCD)and
aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDD)		 Convert alcohols to a
ldehydes or ketones		 Mitochondria, cytosol E. gracillis Assays ALCD and ALDD were in the inner m
embrane of the mitochondrial;
they had low levels in the cytosol		 Yoval- sanchez 2011497
Fatty acid synthase (FAS)and
long- chain fatty acyl- CoA synthetase (ASCL)		 Synthesize long-chain
fatty acids; esterifi
cation of long-chain fatty acids		 Mitochondria, cytosol, nucleus M.avellanarius TEM FAS levels were higher in the cytosol than in
mitochondria or nucleus;
ASCL was evenly distributed		 Suozzi, 2009498
NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SDH) Sorbitol metabolism Chloroplast, cytosol, vacuoles M. domestic α WB, CFM In leaves NAD-SDH was in cytosol, chloroplast,
and vacuoles; in the fruit it
was in the cytosol and chloroplasts		 Wang, 2009499
Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase Oxidoreductases of sugars,
steroids, retinoids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics		 Peroxiso mes HEK-293 CFM C-terminus GFP fusion construct was found in mitochondria Kowalik, 2009500
Metallothionein-3 (MT3) Neurotransmit ter inhibitory factor; supplies zinc Lysosomes Mice astrocytes CFM KD of MT3 increased glycosylation of
lysosomal proteins and autophagy flux		 Lee, 2010501
Invadolysin Metalloprotease Lipid droplets A375, C32, HCL (human melanoma) cells CFM Cobbe, 2009502
Protein disulfide isomerase Isomerizes disulfide bonds; m
odulates oxidation		 ER and Golgi A.thaliana CFM, TEM KD caused enlargement of protein storage vacuoles Ondzighi, 2008503
Tissue Transglutamase Covalent intra or intermolecular
(glutamyl)lysine and
(glutamyl)poly amine cross- links		 ER SH-SY5Y CFM, TEM Its abundance was doubled in Parkinson's- induced phenotype Verhaar, 2012504
Gupl Cellular growth ER and Golgi S. cerevisiae CFM, TEM over-expression caused increased
ER localization,
caused ER and Golgi expansion		 Bleve, 2011505
Small heat shock proteins Accumulate in plants, protect ER
proteins from heat- induced damage		 ER Lesculentum WB over-expression prevented tunicamycin A- stimulated ER stress Zhao, 2007506
α/β; hydrolases domain-containing protein 5
(Abhd5) and muscle lipid droplet protein (Mldp)		 Facilitation of triglyceride storage Lipid droplets 3T3-L1 and COS- 7 CFM increased interaction between Abhd5 and Mldp
observed when cells exposed to oleic acid		 Grannemann, 2009507
α-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase complex,
succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase		 Produce energy from carbohydrate, fat,
and protein degradation		 Mitochondria Humanbrain Assays In schizophrenia patients, aconitase and KGDHC activity
decreased slightly,
SDH and MDH activities slightly increased		 Bubber, 2011508
Complex 1 and Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate
dehydrogenase		 NAD oxidation Mitochondria A. thaliana GE, Assays Inhibition of Complex 1 caused changes in the proteome of mitochondria;
had decreased activity of GAPDHand fructose bisphosphate aldolase		 Garmier, 2008509
Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ) cofactor lα Impacts muscle metabolism and exercise capacity Mitochondria Mouse skeletal muscle CFM, TEM, assay KD of (PPARγ) cofactor lα decreased exercise-induced expression of mitochondria
cytochrome oxidase IV and cytochrome c,
and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1		 Geng, 2010510
Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ) cofactor lα Impacts muscle metabolism and exercise capacity Mitochondria C57BL-6 WB KD of (PPARγ) cofactor lα decreased expression of
superoxide dismutase 2 and thioredoxin		 Lu, 2010511
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK) Phosphorylation of proteins Mitochondria Human fibroblasts CFM, TEM, assay KD of PINK caused changed in activity of Complex I-IV, s
wollen mitochondria and more fragmented mitochondria		 Grunewald, 2009512
F1FO ATP synthase Synthesis of ATP Mitochondria C. reinhardtii Res, assay KD of FIFO ATP synthase caused decreased respiration rate and
decreased activities of Complex 1 and II		 Lapaille, 2010513
His-DHFR tag 2 Histidine triad hydrolase enzyme Mitochondria H295 WB, assay, SF KD of Hint2 caused reduced steroid
production and increased calcium flux		 Lenglet, 2008514
PsTrxol, Mn- superoxide dismutase (Mn- SOD), peroxiredoxin (Prxll F), alternative oxidase (AOX) Redox regulation Mitochondria P. sativum WB, Assay Osmotic stress increased alternative oxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation; increase in thioredoxin activity decreased levels of Mn-SOD, Prxll F, Trxol, and AOX. Marti, 2011515
Purple acid phosphatase 2 Carbohydrate metabolism Mitochondria, chloroplasts A. thaliana CFM, WB, LC-MS over-expression increased sucrose and hexose contents in whole cell homogenate Sun, 2012516
Hexose kinase II Maintain concentration gradient for glucose transport Mitochondria Mice cardiac muscle CFM, WB, Res over-expression lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential Wu, 2011517
Calcium- independent phospholipase A2γ Conversion of phospholipids to lysophospholipids Mitochondria Mice MS, Res KD of this enzyme decreased cardiolipin levels and respiration Mancuso, 2007518
Sirtuin-2.1 NAD+ histone deacetylase Nucleus C. elegans CFM Increased expression reduced ROS concentration Dickinson, 2011519
Ataxin Type 3 Transcriptional repressor; deubiquitinase Nucleus HEK-293 and HeLa CFM, WB activity was stimulated in response to heat shock and oxidative stress; KD sensitive to heat shock Reina, 2010520
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α Cleaves arachidonic acid from membranes Nucleus Human cholangio carcinom a cells WB, Assay activated β-catenin, KD decreased nuclear transcription Han, 2008521
Hydroxia-inducible factor Regulate gene expression Peroxisomes Fisher 344 rats and hepatocy te cells TEM, WB, CFM hypoxia caused localization to peroxisome Khan, 2006522
Caveolin T Lipid regeneration Peroxiso mes Winstar rats CFM, WB KD of caveolin T modified
peroxisome morphology		 Wouden berg, 2010523
Protein kinase c Protein phosphorylation Golgi, ER, Nuclear envelope (NE),
plasma membrane		 MCF-7 and cos-7 WB, CFM when signal transduction was stimulated,
it was present in the plasma membrane and NE;
under starvation it was present at the NE		 Maissel, 2006524
VAMP27 SNARE Early endosomes and vacuoles A.thaliana CFM it interacted with Syp22,
Syp51, and VTI11		 Ebine, 2008525

TEM = Transmission electron microscopy; CFM = Confocal fluorescence microscopy; WB = Western blotting; KD = knock-downs; Assays = Spectrophotometric assays; GE = Gel electrophoresis, Res = respirometry; SF = spectrofluorimetry; GC-FID = gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection; LC-MS = liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection; MS = mass spectrometry.