SWCNT, 1–2 nm in diameter, 5–30 μm in length |
CD-1 |
Oral gavage |
5, 10 or 100 mg/kg |
GD 9 |
Skeletal abnormalities and external defects |
[41] |
TiO2, rutile, 21 nm, coated with polyalcohol |
C57BL/6BomTac |
Inhalation |
42 mg/m3
|
GD 8–18, 1 h/day |
Avoidance of the central zone in the open field test; enhanced prepulse inhibition in female offspring |
[42] |
TiO2, anatase, 25–70 nm, surface area of 20–25 m2/g |
Slc:ICR |
Subcutaneous injection |
100 μg/mouse |
3, 7, 10 and 14 days post-coitus |
Decreased daily sperm production and sperm motility; disorganised and disrupted seminiferous tubules; apoptosis in the olfactory bulb |
[30] |
Carbon nanoparticles, 14 nm |
ICR |
Intratracheal injection |
200 μg/mouse |
GD 7 and14 |
Decreased daily sperm production |
[43] |
Diesel exhaust |
C57BL/6BomTac |
Inhalation |
20 mg/m3, 1 × 106 particles/cm3
|
GD 7–19, 1 h/day |
Decreased daily sperm production |
[44] |
Nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust, filtered diesel exhaust |
F344/DuCrlCrli |
Inhalation |
Nanoparticle-rich DE: 168.84 μg/m3, 1.36 × 106 particles/cm3; filtered-DE: 3.1 μg/m3, 2.66 particles/cm3
|
GD 1–19 |
Decreased seminal vesicle and prostate organ index; decreased testosterone, progesterone, corticosterone and FSH levels; altered steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA |
[45] |
TiO2, anatase, 25–70 nm, surface area of 20–25 m2/g |
ICR |
Subcutaneous injection |
0.1 mL, 1 mg/mL |
GD 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 |
Increased DA and metabolites in the prefrontal cortex and neostriatum |
[46] |
TiO2, anatase, 25–70 nm, surface area of 20–25 m2/g |
ICR |
Subcutaneous injection |
100 μL, 1 mg/mL |
GD 6, 9, 12 and 15 |
Altered gene expression associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress and neurotransmitters in the brain |
[47] |
Diesel exhaust |
ICR |
Inhalation |
1.0 mg/m3
|
GD2–17, 8 h/day, 5 days per week |
Reduced locomotion; decreased DA turnover in the striatum and nucleus accumbens |
[48] |
Diesel exhaust |
ICR |
Inhalation |
0.3, 1 and 3.0 particles/m3
|
2 to 16 days post-coitus |
Apoptosis in brain tissue |
[49] |
Diesel exhaust, 240 nm |
C57BL/6 BomTac |
Inhalation |
19 mg/m3, 1 × 106 particles/cm3
|
GD 9–19, 1 h/day |
Increased activity in female DE offspring |
[50] |
Carbon black, average zeta potential of 140 nm, hydrodynamic size of 50–60 nm |
C57BL/6BomTac |
Intratracheal instillation |
11, 54 and 268 μg/animal |
GD 7, 10, 15 and 18 |
Altered habituation pattern in female offspring |
[51] |