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. 2013 Apr 29;14(5):9319–9337. doi: 10.3390/ijms14059319

Table 1.

Fetal toxicity of nanoparticles in murine models.

Nanoparticles/characteristics Mouse strain Exposure Dose Duration Toxicity in offspring Ref.
SWCNT, 1–2 nm in diameter, 5–30 μm in length CD-1 Oral gavage 5, 10 or 100 mg/kg GD 9 Skeletal abnormalities and external defects [41]
TiO2, rutile, 21 nm, coated with polyalcohol C57BL/6BomTac Inhalation 42 mg/m3 GD 8–18, 1 h/day Avoidance of the central zone in the open field test; enhanced prepulse inhibition in female offspring [42]
TiO2, anatase, 25–70 nm, surface area of 20–25 m2/g Slc:ICR Subcutaneous injection 100 μg/mouse 3, 7, 10 and 14 days post-coitus Decreased daily sperm production and sperm motility; disorganised and disrupted seminiferous tubules; apoptosis in the olfactory bulb [30]
Carbon nanoparticles, 14 nm ICR Intratracheal injection 200 μg/mouse GD 7 and14 Decreased daily sperm production [43]
Diesel exhaust C57BL/6BomTac Inhalation 20 mg/m3, 1 × 106 particles/cm3 GD 7–19, 1 h/day Decreased daily sperm production [44]
Nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust, filtered diesel exhaust F344/DuCrlCrli Inhalation Nanoparticle-rich DE: 168.84 μg/m3, 1.36 × 106 particles/cm3; filtered-DE: 3.1 μg/m3, 2.66 particles/cm3 GD 1–19 Decreased seminal vesicle and prostate organ index; decreased testosterone, progesterone, corticosterone and FSH levels; altered steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA [45]
TiO2, anatase, 25–70 nm, surface area of 20–25 m2/g ICR Subcutaneous injection 0.1 mL, 1 mg/mL GD 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 Increased DA and metabolites in the prefrontal cortex and neostriatum [46]
TiO2, anatase, 25–70 nm, surface area of 20–25 m2/g ICR Subcutaneous injection 100 μL, 1 mg/mL GD 6, 9, 12 and 15 Altered gene expression associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress and neurotransmitters in the brain [47]
Diesel exhaust ICR Inhalation 1.0 mg/m3 GD2–17, 8 h/day, 5 days per week Reduced locomotion; decreased DA turnover in the striatum and nucleus accumbens [48]
Diesel exhaust ICR Inhalation 0.3, 1 and 3.0 particles/m3 2 to 16 days post-coitus Apoptosis in brain tissue [49]
Diesel exhaust, 240 nm C57BL/6 BomTac Inhalation 19 mg/m3, 1 × 106 particles/cm3 GD 9–19, 1 h/day Increased activity in female DE offspring [50]
Carbon black, average zeta potential of 140 nm, hydrodynamic size of 50–60 nm C57BL/6BomTac Intratracheal instillation 11, 54 and 268 μg/animal GD 7, 10, 15 and 18 Altered habituation pattern in female offspring [51]