Table 1.
Prognostic biomarkers for anti-angiogenic therapy
| Type | Parameter | Cancer | Finding | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circulating | Serum LDH and neutrophil levels | Colon | LDH and neutrophil levels > ULN predict short survival | [92] |
| IL-8 | Colon | Elevated IL-8 linked to shorter PFS | [93] | |
| Angiopoietin-2 | Colon | low serum levels associated with high OS | [94] | |
| Circulating endothelial cells (CEC) | Colon | CEC < 65/4mL associated with longer PFS and OS | [95–98] | |
| Breast | High baseline levels associate with improved OR and PFS | [113] | ||
| VEGF plasma levels | Breast | <32.6 pg/mL associated with longer median TTP | [112] | |
| Thyroid | baseline concentrations ≤671 pg/mL associated with improved PFS | [136] | ||
| Renal | High baseline levels associated with poor prognosis | [151] | ||
| PlGF and sVEGFR2 plasma levels and caspase 3/7 activity | Thyroid | Changes by more than 4.7, −1.6, and 2.1-fold, respectively, indicate response | [136] | |
| sVEGFR2 plasma levels | Renal | Significant changes associated with objective tumor response | [152, 153] | |
| Serum NGAL and VEGF levels | Renal | Associated with improved PFS | [154] | |
| VCAM-1 and E-selection serum levels | Breast | Low levels associated with improved clinical response | [111] | |
| sKIT plasma level | Breast | Decrease ≥ 50%associated with longer TTP | [112] | |
| Serum Tg levels | Thyroid | Predictor for clinical outcome | [137, 138] | |
| CAF screen | Renal | Predictor for PFS benefit | [162] | |
| Genetic | MMP9 C-1562T and CXCR-1 G + 2607C | Colon | Associated with longer PFS | [99] |
| VEGFR-1 319 C/A | Colon | A-allele has strong beneficial effect | [100] | |
| CD133 rs2286455, rs3130, and rs2240688 SNPs | Colon | Associated with PFS and OS | [103] | |
| VEGF-2578 AA and VEGF-1154 AA | Breast | Associated with improved OS | [114] | |
| ccB subtype | Renal | Associated with poor prognosis | [170] | |
| VEGFR-3 and CYP3A5*1 SNPs | Renal | Associated with increased Sunitinib toxicity | [168] | |
| Physiologic | Hypertension | Colon | Associated with improved PFS | [106–108] |
| Breast | Associated with improved OS | [113] | ||
| Tissue | Tumor VEGFR-3 expression | Breast | Overexpression associated with poor survival | [115] |
| Tumor BTRC expression | Thyroid | Mediates Sorafenib-resistance | [142] |