TSRF1 improved salt tolerance in maize. (A) Salt tolerance of TSRF1 transgenic maize. Before, control experiment without drought treatment; after, maize seedlings at four-leaf stage were subjected to 200 mM NaCl stress for 48 h; (B) proline and chlorophyll content in the control and transgenic maize. Data are averages of triplicate ± standard deviations. Asterisks, * and **, denote statistically different from wild-type by Student t-test at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively; (C) relative expression of stress-related genes in wild-type and TSRF1 transgenic maize seedlings before salt treatment; (D) relative expression of stress-related genes in wild-type and TSRF1 transgenic maize seedlings after salt treatment. Total RNA extracted from leaves of maize seedlings before and after 200 mM NaCl treatment for 48 h was used, respectively. Tubulin was used as a reference gene. Data are averages of triplicate ± standard deviations.