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. 2013 May 16;14(5):10242–10297. doi: 10.3390/ijms140510242

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Events in plants after feeding by insect herbivores. Changes in the transmembrane potential (Vm) appear immediately upon herbivory damage and are tightly followed by changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and generation of H2O2. Kinases and the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) are detectable within minutes. After roughly 1 h, gene activation followed by metabolic changes is seen (Adapted from [44]).