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Structures of charged oligosaccharides inducing plant defense-responses. (a) The elicitor oligo (α-1,4) galacturonic acid [97] is formed by the action of polygalacturonase (PG) on plant cell wall pectins; and (b) chitosan, an oligomer of β-1,4-linked glucosamine, can also act as an elicitor (Adapted from [83]).
