Table 1.
Statin users (n = 13626) | Non-users (n = 32623) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age in years: mean ± SD | 60.4 ±12.3 | 44.8 ± 11.3 | < 0.0001 |
Male gender: n (%) | 7947 (58.3) | 14263 (43.7) | < 0.0001 |
Comorbidities in baseline period: | |||
Acute myocardial infarction*: n (%) | 797 (5.8) | 120 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
Congestive heart failure*: n (%) | 746 (5.5) | 163 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
Peripheral vascular disease*: n (%) | 859 (6.3) | 189 (0.6) | < 0.0001 |
Cerebrovascular disease*: n (%) | 553 (4) | 226 (0.7) | < 0.0001 |
Dementia*: n (%) | 58 (0.4) | 44 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
Chronic obstructive lung disease*: n (%) | 2065 (15.2) | 2464 (7.6) | < 0.0001 |
Rheumatologic diseases*: n (%) | 290 (2.1) | 471 (1.4) | < 0.0001 |
Peptic ulcer disease*: n (%) | 220 (1.6) | 263 (0.8) | < 0.0001 |
Mild liver disease*: n (%) | 48 (0.4) | 117 (0.4) | 0.5 |
Diabetes mellitus*: n (%) | 4386 (32.2) | 858 (2.6) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes mellitus with complications*: n (%) | 1663 (12.2) | 178 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
Hemiplegia/paraplegia*: n (%) | 49 (0.4) | 27 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
Renal disease*: n (%) | 471 (3.5) | 117 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
Malignancy*: n (%) | 1010 (7.4) | 1101 (3.4) | < 0.0001 |
Liver disease (moderate/severe)*: n (%) | 8 (0.1) | 41 (0.1) | 0.03 |
Metastatic neoplasm*: n (%) | 48 (0.4) | 95 (0.3) | 0.17 |
HIV *: n (%) | 13 (0.1) | 39 (0.1) | 0.3 |
Charlson Comorbidity total score: mean ±SD | 1.2 ±1.6 | 0.3 ±0.8 | < 0.0001 |
Psychological disorders at baseline **: n (%) | 2168 (15.9) | 3762 (11.5) | < 0.0001 |
Illicit drug use: n (%) | 20 (0.1) | 62 (0.2) | 0.35 |
Alcohol abuse/dependence: n (%) | 133 (1) | 237 (0.7) | .007 |
Smoking: n (%) | 1226 (9.0) | 1903 (5.8) | < 0.0001 |
Obesity: n (%) | 2396 (17.6) | 3259 (10.0) | < 0.0001 |
Vision defects/blindness | 6247 (45.8) | 13318 (40.8) | < 0.0001 |
Mean HDL-C in baseline period: mean ± SD† | 52.5 ±14.5 | 58.5 ±17.8 | < 0.0001 |
Mean HDL-C in follow-up period : mean ± SD† | 51.1 ±13.6 | 57 ±16.5 | < 0.0001 |
Mean LDL-C in baseline period: mean ± SD† | 105.1 ±33.9 | 111 ±27.9 | < 0.0001 |
Mean LDL-C in follow-up period: mean ± SD† | 98 ±31.3 | 112.5 ±27.4 | < 0.0001 |
Mean TG in baseline period: mean ± SD† | 156.2 ±97.6 | 120.1±84.2 | < 0.0001 |
Mean TG in follow-up period: mean ± SD† | 143.3 ±78.7 | 114.7 ±74 | < 0.0001 |
Number of outpatient medical encounters during baseline period: mean ± SD | 40.9 ±44.7 | 23 ±31.8 | < 0.0001 |
Number of inpatient admissions during baseline period: mean ± SD | 0.44 ±1.0 | 0.18 ±0.6 | < 0.0001 |
Number of outpatient medical encounters during follow-up period: mean ± SD | 118.8 ±149 | 63.5 ±79 | < 0.0001 |
Number of inpatient admissions during follow-up period: mean ± SD | 2.87 ±3.06 | 1.87 ± 1.94 | < 0.0001 |
Medications: | |||
Beta-blocker: n (%) | 3911 (28.7) | 2167 (6.6) | < 0.0001 |
Diuretic: n (%) | 5117 (37.6) | 3405 (10.4) | < 0.0001 |
Calcium channel Blocker: n (%) | 3514 (25.8) | 1643 (5.0) | < 0.0001 |
Non-statin lipid lowering drugs: n (%) | 2321 (17.0) | 573 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
ACE/ARB: n (%) | 7982 (58.6) | 3466 (10.6) | < 0.0001 |
Oral Hypoglycemic: n (%) | 2820 (20.7) | 383 (1.2) | < 0.0001 |
Cytochrome p 450: n (%) | 1464 (10.7) | 1404 (4.3) | < 0.0001 |
Aspirin: n (%) | 7274 (53.4) | 2659 (8.2) | < 0.0001 |
NSAID: n (%) | 7568 (55.5) | 20136(61.7) | < 0.0001 |
SSRI: n (%) | 2513 (18.4) | 4301 (13.2) | < 0.0001 |
Systemic corticosteroid: n (%) | 532 (3.9) | 1369 (4.2) | 0.08 |
Antipsychotic: n (%) | 180 (1.3) | 322 (1.0) | 0.002 |
Sedatives: n (%) | 2862 (21.0) | 5430(16.6) | < 0.0001 |
Tricyclic antidepressants: n (%) | 35 (0.3) | 58 (0.2) | 0.09 |
Outcomes | |||
| |||
Psych1 (schizophrenia/other psychosis): n (%) | 767 (1.7) | 533 (1.2) | < 0.0001 |
| |||
Psych2 (depression / bipolar disorder): n (%) | 3105 (6.7) | 6375 (13.8) | < 0.0001 |
| |||
Psych3 (all psychological disorders): n (%) | 11933 (25.8) | 5691 (12.3) | < 0.0001 |
ACE/ARB: Angiotensin-receptor blockers & angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; Cytochrome p 450: medications that inhibit the Cytochrome p450 system as identified in a recent FDA warning;29 HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mg/dL; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mg/dL; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TG: Triglycerides in mg/dL.
Diagnosis is based on ICD-9-CM codes as identified in Deyo method for applying the Charlson comorbidity score.28
Definition is detailed in Appendix 1.
Lipid measurements represent the mean value for each patient throughout the baseline or follow-up periods; these laboratory measurements were missing in 8647–7520 patients in statin-users and 26546 – 18619 patients in the non-users.