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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurosurgery. 2013 Jan;72(0 1):115–123. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182753093

(A) Virtual model for a patient’s back with the lumbar spine incorporated in the haptics of the model. The needle is aimed through the inter-laminar space. The location of the tip is seen on a virtual fluoroscopy screen. (B) At the end of the needle insertion, the operator perform a virtual sagital cut through the model to verify the trajectory and location of the tip of the needle.

(A) Virtual model for a patient’s back with the lumbar spine incorporated in the haptics of the model. The needle is aimed through the inter-laminar space. The location of the tip is seen on a virtual fluoroscopy screen. (B) At the end of the needle insertion, the operator perform a virtual sagital cut through the model to verify the trajectory and location of the tip of the needle.