Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study population.
| T1DM | T2DM | Controls | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 55 | 55 | 60 | |
| Sex (M/F) | 37/18 | 36/19 | 34/26 | 0.118 |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 45.2 ± 14 | 62 ± 10 | 55.7 ± 11.8 | 0.037a |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 31 (56%) | 20 (36%) | 17 (28%) | 0.048b |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 26 (47%) | 37 (67%) | 48 (80%) | 0.015c |
| Smoke, n (%) | 22 (40%) | 19 (35%) | 26 (43%) | 0.63 |
| Family history of IHD, n (%) | 26 (47%) | 37 (67%) | 18 (30%) | 0.002d |
| Medications | ||||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 8 (15%) | 44 (80%) | NA | <0.001 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 54 (98%) | 15 (27%) | NA | <0.001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 25 (45%) | 24 (44%) | 7 (12%) | <0.001e |
| Disease complications | ||||
| Microvascular complications (nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy) |
25 (45%) | 28 (51%) | NA | 0.33 |
| Macrovascular complications (CAD, PVD, and cerebrovascular diseases) |
18 (33%) | 37 (67%) | NA | 0.005 |
| Antropometric parameters (mean ± SD) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 25.9 ± 3.8 | 0.003f |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81 ± 10 | 93 ± 12.6 | 79 ± 7 | 0.002f |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 1.4 | NA | 0.418 |
| Mean duration of DM (years) | 18.5 ± 10.4 | 13.5 ± 8.9 | NA | 0.020 |
| Laboratory assay (mean ± SD) | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.5 ± 30 | 178.5 ± 49.3 | 183.5 ± 43.5 | 0.018g |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 100.9 ± 44.7 | 104.6 ± 37.8 | 112.2 ± 40.1 | 0.65 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 62 ± 13.7 | 49.6 ± 11 | 50.3 ± 15.6 | <0.001a |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 99.2 ± 38.4 | 126.6 ± 61.3 | 111.1 ± 60.7 | 0.029h |
| Lymphocyte count (109/L) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Total CD4+ T-cell frequency (%) | 50.3 ± 20.2 | 50.5 ± 19.7 | 50.4 ± 23.6 | 0.4 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (range) | 1.0 (0.2–9.1) | 3.4 (0.2–21.9) | 1.1 (0.2–7.9) | <0.001i |
| Frequency of different T-cell subsets | ||||
| Expressed as percentage of the entire CD4+ T-cell population, median (range) | ||||
| CD4+CD28null T-cell (%) | 6.9 (0.4–32.8) | 3.6 (0.2–22.5) | 1.5 (0.2–8.0) | <0.001j |
| CD4+Foxp3+ T-cell (Treg) (%) | 1.5 (0.5–3.3) | 2.1 (0.3–12.3) | 7.8 (4.1–12.0) | <0.001k |
| CD4+CD28null/Treg ratio | 4.3 (0.7–26.4) | 1.3 (0.1–66.5) | 0.2 (0.1–1.3) | <0.001l |
DM: diabetes mellitus; IHD: ischemic heart disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
a P < 0.001 T1DM versus T2DM and controls.
b P < 0.05 T1DM versus T2DM and controls.
c P < 0.001 controls versus T1DM.
d P < 0.001 T2DM versus controls.
e P < 0.05 T1DM and T2DM versus controls.
f P < 0.001 T2DM versus T1DM and controls.
g P < 0.05 T1DM versus T2DM.
h P < 0.05 T2DM versus T1DM.
i P < 0.001 T2DM versus T1DM and controls.
j P < 0.001 T1DM (higher frequency) versus T2DM and controls; also, P < 0.001 T2DM versus controls.
k P < 0.001 T1DM (lower frequency) versus T2DM and controls; also, P < 0.001 T2DM versus controls.
l P < 0.001 T1DM versus T2DM and controls; also, P < 0.001 T2DM versus controls.