Table 1.

Mechanism of n-3 PUFA action.

Target	Mechanism of action	References
Membrane PIPs	Suppress PI3K/AKT/BAD survival pathway	[17, 40]
SDC-1	Suppress PI3K/AKT/BAD and AKT/NFκB survival pathway	[49]
Unknown	Suppress AKT/NFκB or PI3K/AKT/p38 MAPK pathway	[50, 51]
GPR40	Mediate insulin secretion, cell proliferation	[75–77]
GPR120	Anti-inflammation	[3, 80]
TLRs	Suppress the production of proinflammatory mediators	[88, 89]
PPARg	Induce cell apoptosis	[90]
Nrf2	Suppress inflammation, reduce oxidative stress	[106, 109, 110]
Calcium signaling	Inhibit cell proliferation	[114]
COXs	Promote inflammation	[52]
LOXs	Promote inflammation	[53]
E-resolvins	Resolve inflammation	[62]
D-resolvins	Resolve inflammation	[62]