. 2013 May 23;2013:945638. doi: 10.1155/2013/945638

Table 4.

Determination of antimutagenic activity of Conyza extracts in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 against sodium azide (NaN₃; 2 μg/plate).

Treatment	NaN₃ mutagenicity at Conyza extract concentrations (revertant colonies/plate; mean ± SEM (% reduction in NaN₃ mutagenicity))
	Preexposure*		Coexposure*
	1 mg/mL	5 mg/mL	1 mg/mL	5 mg/mL
NaN₃ (2 μg/plate)	290.3 ± 17.1 (0)
I	179.0 ± 10.5 (41)^a	31.3 ± 5.2 (95)^a,b	286.0 ± 18.0 (4)	215.0 ± 18.1 (28)^a,b
II	129.3 ± 4.2 (59)^a	11.3 ± 1.9 (102)^a,b	291.0 ± 21.5 (0)	24.0 ± 4.7 (97)^a,b
III	22.3 ± 2.9 (98)^a	13.3 ± 1.5 (101)^a	14.3 ± 2.7 (101)^a	10.0 ± 1.7 (103)^a
IV	64.0 ± 5.7 (83)^a	18.7 ± 3.7 (99)^a,b	74.0 ± 4.1 (79)^a	20.7 ± 1.2 (99)^a,b
V	10.7 ± 1.2 (102)^a	13.7 ± 1.5 (101)^a	58.7 ± 8.0 (85)^a	31.3 ± 6.1 (95)^a

*Plant extracts were incubated with bacteria either 30 minutes before NaN₃ (Preexposure) or incubated with the bacteria and NaN₃ (coexposure). The spontaneous revertant colonies were 17.0 ± 2.1. ^aSignificant (P < 0.05) reduction (% of inhibition of mutagenicity indicated in parentheses) from revertant colonies seen with NaN₃. ^bSignificant difference (P < 0.05) between plant extract concentrations.