Table 3. Proposed System-Related Intervention Ideas to Address Multiple Dimensions of Diagnostic Error.

Intervention (Suggested or Tested)	Suggested	Tested
Patient-provider Encounter [2]
Trauma response team		Perno et al.(15)
Comprehensive reexamination in ED		Howard et al. (16)
Diagnostic Test Performance and Interpretation [1]
Availability of electronic systems for results delivery		Weatherburn et al. (17).
Follow-up and Tracking [15]
Explicit criteria for communication of abnormal test results	Gandhi (21), Hanna et al. (28)
Planned follow-up to any test	Berner and Graber (1), Schiff (27)
Test-tracking system for ordering providers (electronic or not)	Gandhi (21), Singh et al. (26), Schiff and Bates (22); Casalino et al. (23);	Singh et al. (18); Poon et al. (19), Piva et al. (20)
Improved standardization of the steps involved in the flow of test result information	Wahls and Cram (24)
Improve the management and presentation of test result data	Wahls and Cram (24)
Use the emergency department manager to monitor radiology test results reporting	Emergency Department Manager (57)
Report discrepancies in radiology reports to emergency department	Emergency Department Manager (57)
Establish back-up processes so that any information about test results can be easily retrieved again	Emergency Department Manager (25)
Establish highly structured hand-offs that are performed systematically	Emergency Department Manager (25)
Systematic tracking of diagnostic error in organization	Colgan (44); Schiff et al. (2)
Referral Related [1]
Ensure availability of appropriate expertise	Emergency Department Manager (25)
Patient Related [18]
Address patient preferences for receiving test results	Leekha et al. (29); Meza and Webster (30); Dolan et al. (31); , Karnieli- Miller (32); Keren et al. (33)
Communicate normal test results	Baldwin et al. (34); Keren et al. (33)
Use automated test results management tool	Matheny et al. (35)
Use online portal to access test results	Wald et al. (58); Ross et al. (59)
Provide access to entire medical record	Ross and Lin (60)
Consider cognitive limitations when taking patient history	Redelmeier et al. (39)
Consider communication strategies to optimize patient understanding of medical information	Michie et al. (61); Lavin et al. (40)
Enhance patient engagement in health care	Schwappach (36); Longtin et al. (37)
Greater involvement of patients to ensure the follow-up of test results	Wahls and Cram (24), Emergency Department Manager (57)
Patient navigator	Singh et al. (26)
General interventions [12]
Provide education on error- producing conditions like fatigue	Caldwell (62); Campbell et al. (63); Singh et al. (64); Beach et al. (65); Jones and Endsley (66) Borrell-Carrio and Epstein (67)
Provide opportunity to correct last response	Fleck and Mitroff (68)
Address environmental conditions that could produce boredom, time pressure, etc.	Tachakra (69); Zwaan et al. (43)
Use of information technology	Becich et al. (45); Singh et al. (46); Schiff and Bates (22)