Table 2.

Evidence-based summary of biomarkers used in anoxic encephalopathy

	References	LOE
Brain biomarkers
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)	[114, 166-172]	4,5
S-100B	[166, 173, 174]	5
Glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)	[175]	5
Tau	[176]	5
Cardiac biomarkers
Cardiac troponin I	[165]	4
Cardiac troponin T	–	–
Micro-RNA	[181]	–
Non-specific biomarkers
Plasma glucose	[120, 123, 177]	3,4
Lactate	[13, 178]	4
Pro-calcitonin	[179, 180]	5

All level of evidence (LOE) 3 (studies using retrospective controls) and LOE 4 (studies without a control group (e.g., case series)) investigations were performed on drowning victims. LOE 5 (studies not directly related to the specific patient/population) investigations were performed on cardiac arrest patients