Fig. 2.

Contributions of endogenous ROS sources to glutamate-induced apoptosis. Confluent quiescent CMVEC from newborn pigs were incubated with 2 mM glutamate in the absence or presence of various ROS inhibitors: SOD (1,000 U/ml); a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l-NNA (1 mM); a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Allo (50 μM); a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, Apo (0.5 mM); or mitochondrial inhibitors: Rot (5 μM), TTFA (5 μM), or AntA (5 μM) for 3 h at 37°C. Apoptosis was detected by DNA fragmentation and expressed as %baseline values. Data represent the average of 4 experiments. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05, compared with the basal value. †P < 0.05, compared with glutamate alone.