Table 1.
Adjusted bivariate and block-stepwise multivariable logistic regression models examining associations of demographics, HIV disease stage and treatment, sexual risk, and mental health indicators with alcohol use, excessive alcohol use, use of specific drugs (in order of prevalence), multiple drug use, and drug abuse
| Alcohol |
Excessive alcohol use |
Marijuana |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted bivariatea |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00)~ | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| <College degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| College degree | 1.10 (0.72, 1.62) | 0.49 (0.30, 0.82)** | 0.54 (0.32, 0.94)* | 0.89 (0.57, 1.39) | ||
| Graduate degree | 1.06 (0.65, 1.74) | 0.57 (0.30, 1.08)~ | 0.62 (0.32, 1.19) | 1.24 (0.72, 2.12) | ||
| Income | ||||||
| ≤$40,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| $40,001–$80,000 | 1.45 (0.97, 2.17)~ | 1.41 (0.94, 2.13) | 0.70 (0.42, 1.18) | 1.30 (0.83, 2.04) | ||
| >$80,000 | 2.16 (1.25, 3.74)** | 2.08 (1.19, 3.62)** | 0.83 (0.43, 1.62) | 1.34 (0.74, 2.39) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Black | 0.95 (0.54, 1.66) | 1.97 (1.05, 3.70)* | 2.02 (1.05, 3.91)* | 0.66 (0.34, 1.30) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.56 (0.29, 1.08) | 1.20 (0.55, 2.62) | 1.09 (0.49, 2.44) | 1.14 (0.57, 2.79) | ||
| Other | 0.44 (0.18, 1.12)~ | 1.60 (0.61, 4.21) | 1.58 (0.58, 4.31) | 1.19 (0.48, 2.97) | ||
| Primary partner | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.08 (0.75, 1.55) | 1.07 (0.68, 1.69) | 1.49 (0.99, 2.25)* | 1.41 (0.93, 2.14)* | ||
| HIV disease stage and treatment | ||||||
| Plasma RNAb | ||||||
| ≤75 copies/ml | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >75 copies/ml | 1.42 (0.99, 2.04)~ | 1.67 (1.08, 2.60)* | 1.66 (1.03, 2.67)* | 0.67 (0.65, 1.45) | ||
| Currently on HIV medication | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.47 (1.02, 2.13)** | 0.62 (0.42, 0.93)* | 0.59 (0.37, 0.93)* | 1.35 (0.87, 2.10) | ||
| Sexual risk | ||||||
| Transmission risk behavior | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 2.30 (1.33, 3.97)** | 1.33 (0.91, 1.95) | 1.25 (0.80, 1.97) | 1.62 (1.06, 2.45)* | 1.63 (1.05, 2.51)* | |
| Sexually transmitted infections | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.31, 1.40) | 0.43 (0.13, 1.43) | 0.97 (0.43, 2.23) | |||
| Mental health | ||||||
| Depression | ||||||
| No depression | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Other depressive disorder | 1.17 (0.65, 2.14) | 1.35 (0.65, 2.78) | 1.37 (0.65, 2.89) | 1.20 (0.62, 2.32) | ||
| Major depressive disorder | 0.93 (0.55, 1.59) | 1.90 (1.05, 3.46)* | 1.62 (0.86, 3.04) | 1.10 (0.60, 2.00) | ||
| Anxiety disorder | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.04 (0.73, 1.49) | 1.61 (1.02, 2.52)* | 0.84 (0.55, 1.26) | |||
| ADHD | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.85 (0.47, 1.53) | 1.00 (0.48, 2.08) | 1.84 (0.96, 3.50)~ | |||
| Childhood sexual abuse | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.97) | 1.50 (1.01, 2.23)* | 1.54 (1.02, 2.34)* | ||
|
Inhalants |
Methamphetamine |
Cocaine |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00)~ | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99)* | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| <College degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| College degree | 1.19 (0.72, 1.96) | 0.98 (0.57, 1.66) | 1.28 (0.73, 2.27) | 0.74 (0.43, 1.29) | ||
| Graduate degree | 2.25 (1.26, 4.00)** | 2.11 (1.14, 3.91)* | 1.36 (0.69, 2.71) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.66) | ||
| Income | ||||||
| ≤$40,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| $40,001–$80,000 | 1.43 (0.86, 2.35) | 1.10 (0.61, 1.97) | 1.02 (0.59, 1.78) | |||
| >$80,000 | 1.71 (0.91, 3.22)~ | 1.18 (0.56, 2.00) | 0.82 (0.38, 1.75) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Black | 0.44 (0.19, 0.99)* | 0.36 (0.15, 0.86)* | 0.38 (0.13, 1.08) | 1.66 (0.81, 3.43) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.39 (0.15, 0.99)* | 0.38 (0.14, 0.99)* | 1.20 (0.49, 2.93) | 0.69 (0.78, 2.43) | ||
| Other | 0.92 (0.33, 2.51) | 0.66 (0.21, 2.09) | 1.92 (0.67, 5.49) | 0.97 (0.31, 3.10) | ||
| Primary partner | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.34 (0.86, 2.09) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.38) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.77) | |||
| HIV disease stage and treatment | ||||||
| Plasma RNA | ||||||
| ≤75 copies/ml | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| >75 copies/ml | 1.13 (0.73, 1.75) | 1.98 (1.20, 3.28)** | 1.57 (0.96, 2.55)* | |||
| Currently on HIV medication | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.88 (0.55, 1.40) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.17) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.11) | |||
| Sexual risk | ||||||
| Transmission risk behavior | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3.30 (2.10, 5.18)*** | 3.38 (2.11, 5.42)*** | 4.19 (2.47, 7.08)*** | 4.05 (2.38, 6.88)*** | 1.46 (0.87, 2.44) | |
| Sexually transmitted infections | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3.21 (1.44, 7.56)** | 3.38 (1.37, 8.31)** | 3.74 (1.57, 8.90)** | 3.27 (1.34, 8.02)** | 0.54 (0.18, 1.67) | |
| Mental health | ||||||
| Depression | ||||||
| No depression | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Other depressive disorder | 0.49 (0.21, 1.13)~ | 1.09 (0.46, 2.59) | 1.38 (0.62, 3.09) | 1.38 (0.62, 3.09) | ||
| Major depressive disorder | 0.57 (0.28, 1.14) | 1.52 (0.76, 3.03) | 2.02 (1.06, 3.83)* | 2.02 (1.06, 3.83)* | ||
| Anxiety disorder | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.91 (0.58, 1.42) | 1.65 (0.97, 2.79)~ | 1.65 (0.99, 2.74)~ | |||
| ADHD | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.56 (0.79, 3.06) | 1.12 (0.52, 2.39) | 1.08 (0.52, 2.28) | |||
| Childhood sexual abuse | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.65, 1.55) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.79) | 1.07 (0.66, 1.74) | |||
|
Tranquilizers or barbiturates |
Hallucinogens (such as LSD or ecstasy) |
Crack |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 1.00 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95,1.03) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| <College degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| College degree | 1.17 (0.55, 2.49) | 1.07 (0.47, 2.43) | 0.56 (0.26, 1.24) | |||
| Graduate degree | 1.22 (0.50, 2.99) | 1.29 (0.51, 3.22) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.12)~ | |||
| Income | ||||||
| <$40,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| $40,001–$80,000 | 1.32 (0.60, 2.92) | 0.55 (0.22, 1.39) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.42)** | 0.12 (0.03, 0.51)** | ||
| >$80,000 | 1.94 (0.75, 5.01) | 1.15 (0.41, 3.26) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.78)* | 0.12 (0.02, 0.94)* | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Black | 0.17 (0.02, 1.32)~ | 0.49 (0.11, 2.28) | 3.85 (1.58, 9.38)** | 2.68 (1.01, 7.18)* | ||
| Hispanic | 0.24 (0.03, 1.86) | 1.35 (0.35, 5.29) | 0.85 (0.19, 3.87) | 0.60 (0.13, 2.86) | ||
| Other | 0.60 (0.12, 2.97) | 0.34 (0.04, 2.81) | 1.15 (0.24, 5.50) | 1.00 (0.20, 5.14) | ||
| Primary partner | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.42 (0.71, 2.85) | 2.66 (1.21, 5.82)* | 2.32 (1.13, 6.07)* | 1.21 (0.61, 2.41) | ||
| HIV disease stage and treatment | ||||||
| Plasma RNA | ||||||
| ≤75 copies/ml | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| >75 copies/ml | 1.29 (0.66, 2.52) | 1.77 (0.26, 3.62) | 1.58 (0.79, 3.09) | |||
| Currently on HIV medication | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.68 (0.34, 1.34) | 0.87 (0.42, 1.79) | 0.53 (0.27, 1.06)~ | |||
| Sexual risk | ||||||
| Transmission risk behavior | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.91 (0.92, 3.92)~ | 2.65 (1.21, 5.81)* | 1.87 (0.78, 4.47) | 1.26 (0.60, 2.63) | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.91 (0.27, 3.02) | 1.04 (0.31, 3.53) | 0.26 (0.03, 2.07) | |||
| Mental health | ||||||
| Depression | ||||||
| No depression | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Other depressive disorder | 0.96 (0.29, 3.10) | 0.52 (0.11, 2.43) | 1.06 (0.30, 3.81) | 1.05 (0.28, 3.91) | ||
| Major depressive disorder | 1.36 (0.58, 3.20) | 2.40 (1.04, 5.51)* | 2.56 (1.13, 5.81)* | 1.89 (0.77, 4.66) | ||
| Anxiety disorder | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.05 (0.97, 4.31)~ | 3.54 (1.51, 8.28)** | 3.06 (1.25, 7.49)* | 2.21 (1.02, 4.78)* | ||
| ADHD | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.67 (1.18, 6.05)* | 2.67 (1.18, 6.05)* | 1.40 (0.57, 3.44) | 1.50 (0.59, 3.85) | ||
| Childhood sexual abuse | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.84 (0.43, 1.64) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.85) | 1.58 (0.79, 3.14) | |||
|
Opiates |
Ketamine |
Multiple drug use |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
Adjusted bivariate |
Final multivariable |
|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99)* | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99)* | |||
| Education | ||||||
| <College degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| College degree | 0.56 (0.24, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.45, 2.57) | 0.80 (0.48, 1.32) | |||
| Graduate degree | 0.77 (0.29, 2.05) | 0.55 (0.17, 1.81) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.04) | |||
| Income | ||||||
| ≤$40,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| $40,001–$80,000 | 1.13 (0.50, 2.56) | 1.07 (0.42, 2.73) | 0.74 (0.44, 1.24) | |||
| >$80,000 | 0.84 (0.27, 2.65) | 1.40 (0.44, 4.42) | 0.75 (0.38, 1.48) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Black | 0.25 (0.03, 1.94) | 0.74 (0.15, 3.64) | 0.42 (0.17, 1.01)~ | |||
| Hispanic | 0.31 (0.04, 2.39) | 2.37 (0.54, 10.43) | 0.46 (0.18, 1.20) | |||
| Other | 0.41 (0.05, 3.33) | 0.46 (0.05, 3.94) | 1.23 (0.47, 3.22) | |||
| Primary partner | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.44, 1.98) | 1.07 (0.48, 2.38) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.75) | |||
| HIV disease stage and treatment | ||||||
| Plasma RNA | ||||||
| ≤75 copies/ml | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >75 copies/ml | 1.51 (0.73, 3.14) | 2.30 (1.12, 5.21)* | 1.82 (1.17, 2.84)** | 1.73 (1.04, 2.86)* | ||
| Currently on HIV medication | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.97 (0.45, 2.09) | 0.84 (0.38, 1.88) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.18) | |||
| Sexual risk | ||||||
| Transmission risk behavior | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 0.90 (0.40, 1.99) | 3.41 (1.35, 8.59)** | 3.19 (1.25, 8.16)* | 4.62 (2.88, 7.40)*** | 3.98 (2.45, 6.48)*** | |
| Sexually transmitted infections | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.41 (0.05, 3.21) | 4.74 (1.49, 15.14)** | 4.14 (1.26, 13.58)* | 2.08 (0.94, 4.59)~ | ||
| Mental health | ||||||
| Depression | ||||||
| No depression | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Other depressive disorder | 0.72 (0.16, 3.32) | 1.45 (0.41, 5.14) | 0.89 (0.40, 1.99) | |||
| Major depressive disorder | 3.05 (1.31, 7.08)** | 0.85 (0.30, 2.38) | 2.17 (1.21, 3.90)** | |||
| Anxiety disorder | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.50 (0.69, 3.27) | 2.19 (0.39, 5.19)* | 1.62 (1.02, 2.57)* | |||
| ADHD | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 3.22 (1.34, 7.70)** | 1.11 (0.41, 2.98) | 3.19 (1.73, 5.89)*** | 2.93 (1.52, 5.65)** | ||
| Childhood sexual abuse | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.10 (1.01, 4.41)* | 2.10 (1.01, 4.41)* | 1.09 (0.50, 2.39) | 1.06 (0.68, 1.65) | ||
|
Drug abuse |
||
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted bivariate | Final multivariable | |
| Demographics | ||
| Age | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98)** | |
| Education | ||
| <College degree | 1.00 | |
| College degree | 0.65 (0.42, 1.02) | |
| Graduate degree | ||
| Income | ||
| ≤$40,000 | 1.00 | |
| $40,001–$80,000 | 0.76 (0.48, 1.22) | |
| >$80,000 | 0.93 (0.51, 1.68) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | 0.71 (0.37, 1.37) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.45) |
| Hispanic | 0.30 (0.12, 0.81)* | 0.27 (0.09, 0.82)* |
| Other | 0.84 (0.31, 2.27) | 0.71 (0.22, 2.32) |
| Primary partner | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1.00 (0.67, 1.51) | |
| HIV disease stage and treatment | ||
| Plasma RNA | ||
| ≤75 copies/ml | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >75 copies/ml | 2.03 (1.36, 3.04)*** | 1.73 (1.06, 2.81)* |
| Currently on HIV medication | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 0.62 (0.40, 0.94)* | |
| Sexual risk | ||
| Transmission risk behavior | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 4.37 (2.86, 6.68)*** | 3.90 (2.46, 6.20)*** |
| Sexually transmitted infections | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 2.55 (1.15, 5.65)* | |
| Mental health | ||
| Depression | ||
| No depression | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other depressive disorder | 1.28 (0.66, 2.49) | 1.06 (0.50, 2.25) |
| Major depressive disorder | 3.16 (1.78, 5.61)*** | 2.60 (1.28, 5.30)** |
| Anxiety disorder | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 2.11 (1.38, 3.20)*** | |
| ADHD | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 4.44 (2.37, 8.33)*** | 2.90 (1.42, 5.95)** |
| Childhood sexual abuse | ||
| No | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1.22 (0.82, 1.82) | |
~
p<0.10;
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01;
***
p<0.001
a
All bivariate and multivariable models adjusted for a multiple drug use variable that did not include the outcome drug
b
CD4 count was added as a covariate when viral load was included in multivariable models