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. 2013 May 26;2013:841707. doi: 10.1155/2013/841707

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The pathogenesis of brain edema in ALF involves the action of neurotoxins such as ammonia and TNF-α and MMP-9, as well as various phenomena that include alterations in neurotransmission, blood-brain barrier permeability, and energy metabolism.