Table 2.
Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses Predicting Strength of American Indian Ethnic Identity.
| Model 1 Tribal and ethnic heritage b(β) | Model 2 Reservation connections b(β) | Model 3 Cultural and spiritual practices b(β) | Model 4 Biculturalism b(β) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 4.583*** (0.00) | 4.264*** (0.00) | 3.910** (0.00)* | 3.713*** (0.00) |
| Male vs. female | –0.080 (–0.07) | –0.075 (–0.06) | –0.011 (–0.01) | –0.041 (–0.04) |
| Age | –0.144** (–0.20) | –0.108* (–0.15) | –0.124* (–0.18) | –0.117* (–0.17) |
| Multitribal affiliation | –0.047 (–0.03) | –0.077 (–0.06) | –0.121 (–0.09) | –0.083 (–0.06) |
| Mother is American Indian | 0.150 (0.09) | 0.161 (0.11) | 0.050 (0.03) | –0.033 (–0.02) |
| Father is American Indian | 0.429*** (0.33) | 0.379** (0.30) | 0.286* (0.23) | 0.326** (0.26) |
| American Indian only identity | –0.108 (–0.09) | –0.138 (–0.12) | –0.074 (–0.07) | –0.045 (–0.04) |
| Years lived on reservation | 0.007 (0.06) | 0.008 (0.07) | 0.013 (0.11) | |
| Frequency visits reservation | 0.032 (0.09) | 0.022 (0.06) | 0.001 (0.00) | |
| Tribal language exposure and proficiency | –0.117 (–0.16) | –0.119 (–0.16) | ||
| American Indian spirituality | 0.184* (0.26) | 0.207** (0.30) | ||
| American Indian traditions/practices | 0.168* (0.24) | 0.175* (0.24) | ||
| Cultural orientation: Bicultural | –0.274* (–0.18) | |||
| Cultural orientation: “White way” | –0.514* (–0.18) | |||
| Cultural orientation: Neither AI nor White way | 0.102 (0.08) | |||
| R 2 | 0.160 | 0.171 | 0.286 | 0.352 |
| N | 132 | 126 | 122 | 122 |
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.