TABLE 1.

List of Genes and Pathways in Drosophila That Have Been Implicated in Human Tumors

	Cancer Model	Drosophila Genes	Mammalian Genes	Highlights/Mammalian Validation
Mammals to Drosophila to Mammals	Tuberous Sclerosis	dTsc1, dTsc2	TSC1, TSC2	Tsc1/2 complex in PI3K pathway
	Neurofibromatosis Type 1	dNf1	NF1	Regulation of Ras Pathway
	Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2	dRet, dSrc42/64, Btk29A, JNK	Ret, Src, JNK	Activation of pathways downstream, model or successful drug discovery
	Glioblastoma Multiforme	dEGFR, dPI3K	EGFR, PI3K	Pathway synergy
	Colon Cancer	dAPC, dMyc, Arm, dRb, dE2F	APC, c-Myc, RB, β-Catenin, E2F	First example of Rb as an oncogene
Drosophila to Mammals	Junctional Tumor Suppressors	dlg, lgl, scrib,	lgl1/2, hDlg1, Scrb1,	Novel class of tumor suppressors, Dlg and Lgl, with a role in mammalian tumorigenesis
	Growth Control (Hippo)	Hippo, Salvador, Warts, dMyc, dNF2/Merlin	Mst1/2, Sav1, Lats1/2, c-Myc, NF2	Hippo in liver growth control, loss of function of NF2 in Neurofibromatosis II
	Tumor Invasion	dCsk, JNK, lgl, dlg, scrib, dRas,	Csk/Chk, Src, Lgl1/2, Dlg1, Serb1, Ras	Src, Actin Remodeling, MMP, Oncogene cooperation
	Metastasis	dRas, dlg, lgl, scrib, JNK, dCsk	Csk/Chk, Src, Lgl1/2, Dlg1, Scrb1, Ras	Oncogene cooperation, loss of polarity -> proliferation, Jnk
	Microenvironment	scrib, dRas, egr, Caspase	Scrb1, Ras, TNF, Caspase3	Oncogene cooperation, non-autonmous modulation of tumorigenicity, role of immune system, cell competition, compensatory proliferation in Breast Cancer
	Chromatin Regulators	I(3)mbt, mi-2, PcG family	L3MBTL1, CHD3/4/5, PcG family	Single genes regulate multiple oncogenic pathways, CHD mutations in human tumors. Novel role of PcG's as tumor suppressors