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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Brain Res. 2013 Mar 26;248:12–24. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.028

Figure 5. Repeated restraint enhanced conditioned freezing in adult rats with no effect on extinction acquisition.

Figure 5

(A) Repeated restraint did not significantly impact the acquisition of fear conditioning compared to non-restraint controls. (B) There was no significant difference in the freezing response between non-restraint rats and repeated restraint rats during the last conditioning trial. (C) There was no significant difference between non-restraint rats and repeated restraint rats in total travel distance as well as average speed (D), indicating no impairment of locomotion after repeated restraint. (E) When tested on the next day in a novel chamber, repeated restraint and non-restraint groups exhibited initial robust freezing responses followed by gradual reduction of freezing. (F) Repeated restraint rats displayed significantly higher freezing during the initial testing phase compared to non-restraint rats. (G) No significant difference was observed in the late phase of testing between non-restraint and repeated restraint groups. (H) Rats from both groups displayed similar amounts of activity during habituation. Black represents non-restraint controls, white represents repeated restraint groups. *p < 0.05 compared between non-restraint and repeated restraint groups.