Table 1.

Selected BIAs with established or putative defensive properties.

Compound		Structural type	Activity	References
Berberine		Protoberberine	Feeding deterrent	Krug and Proksch, 1993; Schmeller et al., 1997; Park et al., 2000; Tims and Batista, 2007; Shields et al., 2008; Sellier et al., 2011
			Antifungal
			Antibacterial
			Antiviral
Hydrastine		Pthalideisoquinoline	Antifungal	Goel et al., 2003; Tims and Batista, 2007
Hunnemanine		Protopine	Antifungal	Singh et al., 2009
Chelerythrine		Benzophenanthridine	Antifungal	Liu et al., 2009
Papaverine		Benzylisoquinoline	Feeding deterrent	Sellier et al., 2011
Sanguinarine		Benzophenanthridine	Antifungal	Schmeller et al., 1997; Liu et al., 2009
			Antibacterial
			Antiviral
Tabienine B		Bisbenzylisoquinoline	Insecticidala	Quevedo et al., 2011
Anolobine		Aporphine	Antibacterial	Villar et al., 1987
			Antifungal
Bismorphine		Morphinan	Cell wall strengtheningb	Morimoto et al., 2001
Liriodenine		Aporphine	Antibacterial	Villar et al., 1987; Costa et al., 2010
			Antifungal

^aLarvicidal.

^bReduces cell wall hydrolysis by pectinases.