Table 4.

Effect of Beta Blocker Exposure on Primary and Secondary Outcomes Based on Multivariable Cox Model

Group	Outcome	EF < 50		EF ≥ 50		BB*EF interaction
		HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P	β-coeff	P
Total Cohort N=1835	Death or Hospitalization	0.53 (0.41 – 0.68)	0.001	0.68 (0.51 – 0.91)	0.009	0.15	0.395
	Hospitalization	0.52 (0.41 – 0.69)	0.001	0.70 (0.52 – 0.94)	0.016	0.19	0.290
	Death	0.26 (0.17 – 0.40)	0.001	0.43 (0.27 – 0.68)	0.001	0.25	0.403
	HF Hospitalization	0.53 (0.39 – 0.70)	0.001	0.84 (0.60 – 1.17)	0.306	0.45	0.030
Approved BB only* N=788	Death or Hospitalization	0.51 (0.35 – 0.76)	0.001	0.31 (0.12 – 0.79)	0.014	−0.25	0.591

Statistically significant findings in Bold typeface (p<0.05 for main effect, p<0.1 for interactions)

Age, gender, race, baseline atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hypertension, vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], stroke, preexisting heart failure, serum sodium, renal dysfunction, coronary disease, and ACE inhibitor/ARB exposure were included as covariates in the multivariate models