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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013 Feb 18;6(2):410–418. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.000152

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Effects of apamin on the dominant frequency (DF) and wavebreaks of VF in HF ventricles. A, p-ECG recordings of pacing-induced sustained VF episodes at baseline and after apamin infusion in a HF ventricle. Right panel shows the DF distribution of VF at baseline and after apamin infusion. B, effects of apamin on DF of VF in 6 HF ventricles. Note that the DF was decreased by apamin. C, consecutive phase maps sampled at 20-ms interval during VF at baseline and after apamin infusion. Phase singularities (wavebreaks) are indicated by black arrowheads. Lower panels showed corresponding optical recording of VF at asterisk site. D, effects of apamin on the number of phase singularities before and after apamin infusion in HF ventricles. Note that the numbers of phase singularity are decreased by apamin. The small squares in the data box indicate the mean value. PS, phase singularity; VF, ventricular fibrillation.

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