Table 5. Unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios for mode of travel and duration of active travel with HOMA values.
| Mode of Travel | HOMA Score (Top Third Versus Rest) | |||
| Percent Low HOMA | Percent High HOMA | URRa [95% CI] | ARRb [95% CI] | |
| Private car | 59.7 | 40.4 | 1.00 [reference] | 1.00 [reference] |
| Public transport | 63.1 | 36.9 | 0.90 [0.77–1.04] | 1.00 [0.86–1.16] |
| Walking | 75.5 | 24.5 | 0.57 [0.44–0.71] | 0.88 [0.75–1.02] |
| Bicycle | 72.1 | 27.9 | 0.64 [0.54–0.74] | 0.81 [0.65–0.99] |
| Duration of active travel | ||||
| Walking | ||||
| No active travel | 59.7 | 40.4 | 1.00 [reference] | 1.00 [reference] |
| 0 to 29 min/d | 73.6 | 26.4 | 0.60 [0.43–0.78] | 0.80 [0.60–1.01] |
| ≥30 min/d | 80.3 | 19.7 | 0.43 [0.27–0.68] | 0.62 [0.38–0.94] |
| Bicycle | ||||
| No active travel | 59.7 | 40.4 | 1.00 [reference] | 1.00 [reference] |
| 0 to 29 min/d | 71.1 | 28.9 | 0.64 [0.53–0.77] | 0.90 [0.74–1.07] |
| ≥30 min/d | 74.3 | 25.7 | 0.54 [0.41–0.71] | 0.91 [0.69–1.15] |
Percentages refer to the prevalence of low and high HOMA values by mode of travel to work. Duration of travel = minutes for total daily journey to and from work. HOMA score excludes doctor diagnosed diabetes cases and cases where fasting blood glucose ≥7 mmol/l.
a
Unadjusted risk ratio.
b
Adjusted risk ratio: adjusted for age, sex, caste, SLI, occupation, factory location, leisure time physical activity, fat intake, smoking status, alcohol intake with an individual-specific random effect of sib-pair.
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001459.t005