Table 7. Within- and between-pair effects of mode of travel to work and overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
Outcome Measures | URR [95% CI]a | p-Value | ARR [95% CI]b | p-Value |
Overweight and obesity | ||||
Private car within sibs | 1.39 [1.29–1.48] | <0.001 | 1.18 [1.06–1.30] | 0.004 |
Private car between sibs | 1.46 [1.38–1.52] | <0.001 | 1.21 [1.11–1.30] | <0.001 |
Test within = between | 0.27 | 0.71 | ||
Public transport within sibs | 1.18 [1.01–1.35] | 0.04 | 1.04 [0.86–1.24] | 0.68 |
Public transport between sibs | 1.02 [0.89–1.15] | 0.75 | 1.07 [0.91–1.23] | 0.42 |
Test within = between | 0.16 | 0.84 | ||
Walking within sibs | 1.22 [0.95–1.53] | 0.13 | 1.16 [0.87–1.51] | 0.29 |
Walking between sibs | 0.45 [0.34–1.58] | <0.001 | 0.67 [0.51–0.87] | 0.002 |
Test within = between | <0.001 | 0.006 | ||
Bicycle within sibs | 0.39 [0.33–0.48] | <0.001 | 0.65 [0.53–0.81] | <0.001 |
Bicycle between sibs | 0.59 [0.50–0.69] | <0.001 | 0.76 [0.65–0.91] | 0.002 |
Test within = between | 0.002 | 0.24 | ||
Doctor diagnosed hypertension | ||||
Private car within sibs | 1.79 [1.42–2.22] | <0.001 | 1.39 [0.99–1.88] | 0.06 |
Private car between sibs | 1.88 [1.58–2.21] | <0.001 | 1.37 [1.05–1.75] | 0.02 |
Test within = between | 0.73 | 0.95 | ||
Public transport within sibs | 1.46 [1.03–2.01] | 0.04 | 1.33 [0.84–2.03] | 0.22 |
Public transport between sibs | 0.85 [0.63–1.12] | 0.25 | 1.05 [0.72–1.52] | 0.78 |
Test within = between | 0.02 | 0.44 | ||
Walking within sibs | 1.36 [0.84–2.12] | 0.21 | 1.16 [0.63–2.04] | 0.62 |
Walking between sibs | 0.64 [0.44–0.95] | 0.03 | 0.82 [0.50–1.33] | 0.43 |
Test within = between | 0.02 | 0.39 | ||
Bicycle within sibs | 0.29 [0.21–0.42] | <0.001 | 0.45 [0.28–0.69] | <0.001 |
Bicycle between sibs | 0.52 [0.39–0.68] | <0.001 | 0.59 [0.41–0.86] | 0.006 |
Test within = between | 0.008 | 0.28 | ||
Doctor diagnosed diabetes | ||||
Private car within sibs | 2.13 [1.51–2.91] | <0.001 | 1.28 [0.83–1.91] | 0.27 |
Private car between sibs | 1.75 [1.36–2.22] | <0.001 | 1.09 [0.79–1.47] | 0.60 |
Test within = between | 0.36 | 0.55 | ||
Public transport within sibs | 1.38 [0.84–2.19] | 0.20 | 1.20 [0.69–2.04] | 0.52 |
Public transport between sibs | 0.89 [0.62–1.26] | 0.51 | 1.23 [0.80–1.84] | 0.33 |
Test within = between | 0.16 | 0.95 | ||
Walking within sibs | 1.39 [0.75–2.47] | 0.29 | 1.06 [0.53–2.05] | 0.85 |
Walking between sibs | 0.87 [0.56–1.33] | 0.51 | 1.00 [0.59–1.65] | 0.99 |
Test within = between | 0.23 | 0.88 | ||
Bicycle within sibs | 0.26 [0.17–0.40] | <0.001 | 0.57 [0.34–0.95] | 0.03 |
Bicycle between sibs | 0.50 [0.35–0.71] | <0.001 | 0.67 [0.44–1.02] | 0.06 |
Test within = between | 0.01 | 0.59 |
Unadjusted relative risk ratio.
Adjusted risk ratio: adjusted for age, sex, caste/tribe status, standard of living, occupation, leisure time physical activity, fat intake, smoking status, alcohol intake, and factory location.
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001459.t007