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Unconventional presence of RARs out of the nucleus. (A) In certain cell types (Sertoli and hepatic stellate cells), RARs are sequestered in the cytosol upon phosphorylation, sumoylation, or interaction with proteins such as CART1 or cytoskeleton proteins. (B) RARα is present in the dentrites of neuronal cells, where it is associated to mRNA granules and controls translation.
